Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing is a method of gathering information, ideas, or services from a large online community, often through the solicitation of specific content. It emerged as a notable concept in the mid-2000s and gained popularity by 2013 across various sectors, including business, academia, and government. This approach functions similarly to outsourcing but leverages the collective knowledge and skills of diverse participants, who may be professionals or volunteers, to tackle complex problems that exceed an organization’s internal capabilities.
The appeal of crowdsourcing lies in its cost-effectiveness and the potential for enhanced accuracy through a range of perspectives. Various specialized forms of crowdsourcing exist, such as crowd creation, which addresses scientific challenges; crowd funding, which collects small donations for projects; crowd searching for locating items or individuals; and crowd voting, which organizes web content based on community input. Notable examples of successful crowdsourcing initiatives include Wikipedia and the Internet Movie Database, as well as projects like the New York Public Library's menu transcription and the Katrina PeopleFinder Project. Additionally, advancements in cloud computing have facilitated the crowdsourcing of software development, blurring the lines between users and developers for more collaborative outcomes.
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Crowdsourcing
The term crowdsourcing made its first print appearance in the June 2006 issue of Wired magazine, and by 2013 it was an established way of conducting business on the Internet. Crowdsourcing can be thought of a specialized variant of outsourcing, one where specific content is solicited from a large, and often anonymous, online community. Individuals respond to a call for information by providing small amounts of data. The entities that sponsor crowdsourcing include corporations, academic institutions, governments, and individuals. Contributors to crowdsourcing projects may be paid professionals or volunteers merely interested in sharing their knowledge.
Overview
The appeal of crowdsourcing is based on its relatively inexpensive cost and its ability to undertake problems too complex to solve with an organization’s existing staff, as well as the idea that harnessing the knowledge of multiple individuals, who possess different knowledge and experiences, produces better, more accurate data. While individuals who participate in crowdsourcing are typically are demographically diverse, many have academic training or significant professional experience relevant to the project. Critics decry the quality and accuracy of crowdsourcing projects, but by the 2010s, the practice had become commonplace across a wide array of industries and endeavors.
Specialized forms of crowdsourcing allow the efforts of multiple users to achieve numerous types of distinct goals. Crowd creation is used frequently to solve complicated scientific problems. Crowd funding involves collecting small sums of money from numerous contributors to meet fundraising goals for a start-up company or an artistic endeavor. Crowd searching leverages large networks of Internet and smartphone users to ascertain the location of a missing item or individual. Crowd voting makes use of communal judgment to grade, sort, and categorize Web-based content; it is the most common type of crowdsourcing (such as used on Reddit).
Although crowdsourcing is a creation of the Internet era, information-gathering projects with considerable numbers of participants have existed for decades. Crowdsourcing served as the means for the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary, was responsible for new methods for determining a ship’s location in the Longitude Prize contest in Great Britain, and became a way to collect genealogical data for members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The Internet Movie Database and Wikipedia are two of the most successful examples of crowdsourced Internet resources. Another well-received crowdsourcing project was the New York Public Library’s “What’s on the Menu,” which began in 2011 and sought to transcribe more than 45,000 historical restaurant menus from the 1840s to the 2010s. In 2011 the California Digital Newspaper Collection utilized crowdsourcing to correct the text of digitized newspapers, some of which predate California’s founding in 1850. The Katrina PeopleFinder Project was developed in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005; more than ninety thousand entries were inputted in an effort to keep track of the victims of the natural disaster. Carnegie Mellon University’s CAPTCHA system, established in 2000, is a type of implicit crowdsourcing, where users identify characters as part of a logon sequence, which, in turn, is used to determinate text that optical character recognition (OCR) software cannot, thereby aiding the digitization of historical text documents.
Cloud-Based Software Crowdsourcing, (2015) edited by Wei Li, Michael N. Huhns, Wei-Tek Tsai, and Wenjun Wu, discusses the practice of using cloud computing to crowdsource computer software development. By moving every stage of the software development process to the cloud, it becomes a process of cocreation, in which the traditional distinctions between end-users and software developers are blurred. Cloud-based crowdsourcing allows for efficient and scalable software development.
Bibliography
Brabham, Daren C. Crowdsourcing. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013. Print.
Dawson, Ross, and Steve Bynghall. Getting Results from Crowds: The Definitive Guide to Using Crowdsourcing to Grow Your Business. San Francisco: Advanced Human Technologies, 2011. Print.
Estelles-Miguel, Sofia, Ignacio Gil-Pechuán, and Fernando J. Garrigos-Simon. Advances in Crowdsourcing. Cham: Springer, 2015. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 19 June 2015.
Howe, Jeff. Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business. New York: Crown, 2009. Print.
Powell, Juliette. 33 Million People in the Room: How to Create, Influence, and Run a Successful Business with Social Networking. Upper Saddle River: FT, 2009. Print.
Sloane, Paul, ed. A Guide to Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing: Advice from Leading Experts. London: Kogan, 2012. Print.
Suie, Daniel, Sara Elwood, and Michael Goodchild, eds. Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge: Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in Theory and Practice. New York: Spring, 2013. Print.
Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations. New York: Doubleday, 2004. Print.
Tsai, Wei-Tek, et al., eds. Crowdsourcing : Cloud-Based Software Development. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 19 June 2015.
Winograd, Morley. Millennial Momentum: How a New Generation Is Remaking America. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 2011. Print.