Battalion
A battalion is a military unit typically commanded by a field-grade officer, often a lieutenant colonel, and comprises several companies, batteries, or similar sub-units. Its structure and function have evolved significantly throughout Western military history. Originally, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the term referred to a battle-line of infantry or any large troop assembly. The modern concept of a battalion became more formalized during the Napoleonic Wars, when the French military established battalions as organized fighting units under regiment administration.
In the British Commonwealth, infantry battalions are also administered by non-tactical regiments, while equivalent units in artillery and armor are referred to as regiments. In the United States Army, a battalion typically consists of 300 to 1,000 personnel, with a common strength of 500 to 600 troops, organized into three to six companies that include a headquarters and various combat support units. In contrast, Soviet battalions were generally smaller, consisting of around 370 members. Understanding the role and composition of battalions provides insight into military organization and the historical context of military operations.
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Battalion
Normally commanded by a field-grade officer, a battalion is a tactical organization that commonly consists of a headquarters and two or more companies, batteries, or similar units. The term, however, has had numerous meanings throughout the course of Western military history. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, battalion indicated a battle-line of infantry or any large body of troops. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), the French developed formally organized battalions—fighting units that were administered by a regiment. (The terms “battalion” and “regiment” were, as a result, often interchanged.) In the British Commonwealth Nations, infantry battalions, commanded by a lieutenant colonel, are also placed under the administration of a non-tactical regiment. In these same nations, artillery and armor units, equivalent to the battalion, are called regiments. In the United States Army, a battalion, usually under the command of lieutenant colonel, consists of anywhere from 300 to 1,000 soldiers and officers, though typical battalions are 500 to 600 troops strong. The troops are divided into three to six companies, including a headquarters company, a combat support company, and three rifle companies. Soviet battalions were smaller, usually consisting of 370 soldiers and officers divided into three rifle companies and into artillery and other units.
Bibliography
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United States Army War College. The Battalion Commander's Handbook 1996. Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College, 1996. Digital file.
United States. Dept. of the Army. The Infantry Battalion (Infantry, Airborne, Air Assault, Ranger). Washington: Dept. of Defense, Dept. of the Army, HQ, 1978. Print.
“Words of War: Understanding Military Jargon.” NBCNews.com. NBCNews.com, 2013. Web. 9 Dec. 2015.