Domitian
Domitian was a Roman emperor who ruled from 81 to 96 CE, ascending to power after the death of his brother, Titus. Although he came from a non-aristocratic background, Domitian was recognized for his literary talents, writing poetry and even a book on baldness. His early political career included military campaigns, notably against the Batavian rebellion, though he arrived too late to achieve significant victory. As emperor, Domitian celebrated military successes, particularly in the Dacian Wars, and earned titles such as Augustus and pontifex maximus.
Domitian's reign is marked by both civic advancements and authoritarian rule. He restored the silver content of coinage to previous standards, enacted various public works, and improved infrastructure. However, his heavy taxation, consolidation of power among the equestrian class, and a reputation for despotism contributed to a mixed legacy. While his effective governance led to some improvements in the empire, it also fostered a perception of tyranny, leaving a complex historical image that invites various interpretations.
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Subject Terms
Domitian
Related civilization: Imperial Rome
Major role/position: Emperor
Life
Domitian’s youth, although not aristocratic, was far from the literary tradition associating him with poverty. Well regarded as a poet and writer, he authored a book on baldness and gave public recitals of his works. After the fall of Vitellius in 69 c.e., Domitian (duh-MIHSH-uhn) greeted the invading Flavian forces and represented Vespasian until he was recalled to Rome. He led forces against the insurgent Batavian auxiliaries in the Rhine, but the revolt was suppressed before his arrival. He married Domitia Longina in 70 c.e.
Domitian held minor posts during the reign of Vespasian and Titus (his brother). Upon the death of Titus in 81 c.e., Domitian was proclaimed emperor and received the titles Augustus and pontifex maximus (chief priest). Although he celebrated triumphs in the Dacian Wars, his successes were mostly in repelling invaders and suppressing internal uprisings.
Influence
Domitian raised the silver content of coinage back to Augustan levels and, even after its debasing in 85 c.e., maintained Vespasianic levels. He made copious civic improvements, constructed roads in Asia Minor, and improved defensive fortifications in North Africa. These projects, funded by heavy taxation in the provinces, his elevation of freedmen and expansion of the role of the equestrian class at the expense of the aristocracy, and his harsh despotism offset his efficient and practical rule, leaving an unsympathetic impression of his reign.
Bibliography
Southern, Pat. Domitian: Tragic Tyrant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Translated by Robert Graves. London: Viking Press, 2000.