The Eve of St. Agnes by John Keats
"The Eve of St. Agnes" is a narrative poem by the English Romantic poet John Keats, centered around the themes of love, desire, and folklore. Set on a cold St. Agnes's Eve, the poem juxtaposes the warmth of a festive celebration in a castle with the solitary prayers of an old Beadsman mourning the dead. The story follows Madeline, a maiden who, believing in the legend of St. Agnes, hopes to dream of her true love if she adheres to the ritual of fasting before bedtime. Meanwhile, Porphyro, who is secretly in love with her and belongs to a rival family, sneaks into the castle with the help of Angela, an elderly woman who assists him in evading capture.
As Madeline prepares for sleep, Porphyro watches her with awe and tenderness, bringing her sweet delicacies to entice her from her dreams. Their connection deepens as they share an intimate moment, which culminates in their decision to escape together before the dawn reveals their presence. The poem captures the tension between the revelry of the outside world and the private, passionate experience of the lovers, highlighting the intersection of dreams, reality, and the barriers imposed by family rivalries. Through rich imagery and lyrical language, Keats weaves a tale that explores the transcendent power of love amidst the constraints of societal expectations.
The Eve of St. Agnes by John Keats
First published: 1820
Type of work: Poetry
Type of plot: Romance
Time of plot: Middle Ages
Locale: A castle
Principal Characters
Madeline , a young womanPorphyro , her loverAngela , an old nurse
The Poem
It is a cold St. Agnes’s Eve—so cold that the owl with all its feathers shivers, so cold that the old Beadsman’s fingers are numb as he works his rosary and says his prayers. Passing by the sculptured figures of the dead, he feels sorry for them in their icy graves. As he walks through the chapel door, he can hear the sound of music coming from the castle hall. He sadly turns again to his prayers. The great hall of the castle is a scene of feasting and revelry, but one among the merry throng is scarcely aware of her surroundings. The lovely Madeline’s thoughts are on the legend of St. Agnes’s Eve, which tells that a maiden, if she follows the ceremonies carefully and goes supperless to bed, might there meet her lover in a dream.
Meanwhile, across the moonlit moors comes Porphyro. He enters the castle and hides behind a pillar, aware that his presence means danger because his family is an enemy of Madeline’s house. Soon the aged crone, Angela, comes by and offers to hide him, lest his enemies find him there and kill him. He follows her along dark arched passageways, out of sight of the revelers. When they stop, Porphyro begs Angela to let him have one glimpse of Madeline. He promises on oath that if he so much as disturbs a lock of her hair, he will give himself up to the foes who wait below. He seems in such sorrow that the poor woman gives in to him. She takes Porphyro to the maiden’s chamber and there hides him in a closet, where is stored a variety of sweetmeats and confections brought from the feast downstairs. Angela then hobbles away, and soon the breathless Madeline appears.
She comes in with her candle, which blows out, and kneeling before her high arched casement window, she begins to pray. Watching her kneel there, her head a halo of moonlight, Porphyro grows faint at the sight of her beauty. Soon she disrobes and creeps into bed, where she lies entranced until sleep comes over her.
Porphyro steals from the closet and gazes at her in awe as she sleeps. For an instant a door opens far away, and the noises of another world, boisterous and festive, break in; but soon the sounds fade away again. In the silence he brings dainty foods from the closet—quinces, plums, jellies, candies, syrups, and spices that perfume the chilly room. Madeline sleeps on, and Porphyro begins to play a soft melody on a lute. Madeline opens her eyes and thinks her lover a vision of St. Agnes’s Eve. Porphyro, not daring to speak, sinks upon his knees until she speaks, begging him never to leave her or she will die.
St. Agnes’s moon goes down. Outside the casements, sleet and ice begin to dash against the windowpanes. Porphyro tells her that they must flee before the house awakens. Madeline, afraid and trembling, follows her lover down the cold, gloomy corridors, through the wide deserted hall, and past the porter who is asleep on his watch. They then flee into the wintry dawn.
Bibliography
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