Festival Du Voyageur

Festival du Voyageur is a ten-day festival held every year in Saint-Boniface, the French quarter of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Festival du Voyageur celebrates several historic populations of the region, and it is the largest winter festival in Western Canada.

The festival’s mission is to promote joie de vivre (enjoyment of life) and to extend the reach of French culture and language. The artistic, educational, historical, and cultural experiences that were inspired by the era of the voyageurs are the means of doing so.

The site of the festival is called Voyageur Park. Within the park, Fort Gibraltar is the venue for historical interpretation of the lives of the region’s earlier inhabitants such as Metis, First Nations, and voyageurs. Voyageurs, which is the French word for travelers, were contracted employees who worked for fur-trading firms from the 1690s through the 1850s. The majority of these canoe paddlers, bundle carriers, and general laborers were of French-Canadian origin.

Between ninety thousand and one-hundred thousand people attend the annual festival. In addition to historical re-enactments, the festival offers food, crafts, concerts, entertainment, educational activities, snow sculptures, and contests.

Background

In 1967, a group of citizens of Saint-Boniface organized themselves under the aegis of the local Chamber of Commerce in the hopes of establishing a winter festival celebrating Manitoba’s French-speaking citizens. The city of Winnipeg rejected the idea, so the group sought other financial sponsors. In 1970, with the support of eighteen community organizations and the city of Saint-Boniface, the first festival took place.

At the 1971 festival, the winning snow sculpture was a pair of boots and a toque, which is a type of hat. That inspired the creation of Leo la Tuque, the official mascot and trademark of the festival.

Festival du Voyageur first took place in Provencher Park, but it moved in 1977 to a more spacious location, Whittier Park, in order to accommodate the many attendees. The first of the log cabins that would eventually comprise Fort Gibraltar, the historic reconstruction, was built on that site.

In 1981, the festival’s organizers purchased an empty warehouse, which they named the Rende-Vous. The building housed the festival’s administrative offices and many of the festival’s concerts, banquets, meetings, and exhibitions.

Although the Rende-Vous thrived, the organizers decided to build another large building in Fort Gibraltar, where festival-related events could take place year-round. In 2001, with the financial support of private donors, the provincial government, and the federal government, the Maison du Bourgeois was established.

A permanent exhibit, the historical interpretation center, was established in 2005. The festival’s organizers opened a historical interpretation center with separate programs geared to schools and to the general public. From May to September, six employees dress up in traditional clothing and re-enact the lives of voyageurs and others from the fur trade era.

In 2006, the festival’s organizers sold the Rendez-Vous and moved the administrative offices to a building in Saint-Boniface. At that location, they also opened a store, Boutique du Voyageur, where customers can purchase Festival du Voyageur merchandise year-round.

Festival du Voyageur’s financial stability is attributable mainly to its well-attended festivals. Thirteen full-time permanent employees work throughout the year to organize the ten-day festival.

Overview

The vision of Festival du Voyageur is to promote the history of the voyageur era and the vitality of French language and culture in Manitoba. The lives of the voyageurs, the First Nations, and the Metis are re-enacted and celebrated at the yearly festival.

Voyageur

These employees of the fur trade were mostly French-Canadian. Their activities served as the backbone of the Northwest Canadian economy, transporting furs and other goods for trade over a 5,000-kilometer route. Under the direction of a clerk, these men worked as canoe paddlers, bundle carriers, and general laborers.

Each voyageur was required to paddle fifty strokes a minute, carry ninety pounds at a time, and work fourteen hours a day. Many drowned or developed hernias, broken limbs, twisted spines, or rheumatism. They had to travel for their work for six to eight weeks at a time.

The fur trade era lasted from the 1690s to the 1850s. By the 1800s, the industry had changed, and the role of voyageur had been replaced by the bourgeois, many of whom were Scottish immigrants.

First Nations

First Nations’ people are descendants of Canada’s original inhabitants, sometimes incorrectly called "Indians." These indigenous people, also known as aboriginals, inhabited Canada for centuries before European explorers arrived. First Nations’ people identify themselves according to the nation to which they belong, such as Oneida or Mohawk.

Six-hundred-seventeen First Nations communities dot the Canadian terrain. Sixty-three are found in Manitoba, where Festival du Voyageur celebrates their traditions.

Metis

Metis are Canadians of mixed race, usually the descendants of First Nations’ women and Western European men. Historically, all mixed-race people of First Nations’ ancestry were considered Metis.

By the 1800s, a noticeable Metis culture had emerged, particularly in Western and Central Canada. Originally, traditions in families with French ancestors differed markedly from traditions in families with Scottish or English ancestors, but over time, the Metis merged into one distinct entity.

At one time, Metis were known as mixed-bloods or half-breeds, but those terms were later deemed offensive. In the 1990s, the Canadian government recognized the Metis as an aboriginal people.

Festival

The festival features music, concerts, food, crafts, educational activities, and historical re-enactments. The Official Voyageur has been appointed every year since the first festival to act as the ambassador of the Festival du Voyageur. He or she is charged with spreading the voyageur spirit, promoting the winter festival, and representing the joie de vivre of the French-speaking community.

Festival du Voyageur is held at Fort Gibraltar in Saint-Boniface, which is one of the largest French communities outside of Quebec. Although it was incorporated into the city of Winnipeg in 1971, it continues to struggle to maintain its distinct flavor and to preserve French-Canadian language and culture.

The festival hosts creative and inventive races, such as a beard-growing contest, bike races on ice, and broom ball games. Even though it is held in the winter in Manitoba, where the temperature is below freezing for months, visitors flock to the festival. Most years, between ninety thousand and one-hundred thousand people attend the ten-day celebration.

Bibliography

"Festival Du Voyageur Attendance Numbers Down from Last Year." CBC News. CBC Radio Canada. 24 Feb. 2015. Web. 31 Dec. 2015.

"Festival Du Voyageur Brings out Winnipeggers on Louis Riel Day." CBC News. CBC Radio Canada. 16 Feb. 2015. Web. 31 Dec. 2015.

"Frigid Weather Won't Stop Fun at Winnipeg's Festival Du Voyageur." CBC News. CBC/Radio Canada. 16 Feb. 2015. Web. 31 Dec. 2015.

Gross, Konrad. The Voyageurs: Images of Canada's Archetypal Frontiersmen. A Talent(ed) Digger: Creations, Cameos, and Essays in Honour of Anna Rutherford. Amsterdam: Rodopi Bv Editions, 1996. Print.

Hafen, LeRoy R. French Fur Traders and Voyageurs in the American West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1997. Print.

Hulan, Renee, and Linda Warley. "Cultural Literacy, First Nations and the Future of Canadian Literary Studies." Journal of Canadian Studies 34.3 (1999). Print.

Nute, Grace Lee. The Voyageur. New York: D. Appleton, 1931. Print.

"Research Involving the First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples of Canada." Indigenous Peoples’ Health Research Centre. July 2004. Web. 31 Dec. 2015.