Gymnastics

Gymnastics is physical exercises that develop and display agility, balance, and coordination. It encompasses a variety of acrobatic and tumbling activities. Gymnastics may be pursued as a means to increase physical fitness or as a competitive event. Both men and women compete in the sport, although the events for each gender are different and have various requirements.

The word gymnastics comes from the Greek language and means "to exercise naked." It has its origins in the war-ready culture of ancient Greece, although the events in which Greek warriors competed were largely unlike modern gymnastics. All exercises that were practiced in the gymnasium were classified as gymnastics, and in keeping with the literal translation, the warriors—all men—exercised in the nude.

Gymnastics as a sport developed primarily in Europe. After the Napoleonic Wars, some teachers of the exercises fled persecution in Europe and took gymnastics to North America.

Origins and History

In ancient Greece, gymnastics did not involve tumbling or other skills of the modern sport. Events were related to strength and proving one's fitness for combat. Competitors were judged in boxing, swimming, and wrestling, as well as many exercises known in modern sports as track-and-field events. Some evidence shows that tumbling and an event similar to vaulting were practiced by ancient warriors. Athletes competed at the Olympic Games until they ended in 393 CE.

Tumbling became a form of entertainment. By the Middle Ages, troupes of performers skilled in acting, acrobatics, dancing, and juggling traveled around Europe. Evidence of acrobatics also cropped up in other cultures around the world, notably China. Scholars believe these skills developed independently in many regions. Many gymnasts performed in traveling circuses.

Europeans paid little attention to physical fitness; the poor worked, and the wealthy did little in the way of strenuous activity unless they chose to. German education reformers of the late eighteenth century decided that good health required a strong body. They began to operate philanthropinum, schools for children of all social standings. These placed an emphasis on outdoor exercise including gymnastics.

In 1793, Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths, the head teacher at a philanthropist school, wrote Gymnastics for Youth. He categorized gymnastics as either utilitarian or nonutilitarian. Utilitarian activities develop and display physical fitness and health, and involve useful skills. The pommel horse exercises, for example, developed out of the practical strength and skill needed to mount and dismount a horse. Nonutilitarian activities focus on artistry. Although horse exercises had a practical purpose centuries ago, in modern times pommel events are nonutilitarian.

In 1813, Per Henrik Ling founded the Royal Gymnastics Central Institute in Stockholm. He wanted to create exercises that improved athletes' health and condition. Ling developed calisthenics, much of which can still be seen in the twenty-first century in the floor exercise competition.

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn is regarded as the father of gymnastics. In the early nineteenth century, he built a playground, the Turnplatz, in a field near Berlin, Germany. Among the playground equipment were a pommel horse, parallel bars, climbing towers and ropes, horizontal bars, and balance beams. Jahn instructed young men in a variety of exercises, including vaulting and leg swings using the pommel horse. As the popularity of these exercises increased, people began forming gymnastics clubs.

Jahn and a number of others were later arrested for their political views. When some of his assistants fled Europe during the 1820s, they moved to the United States, where they began instructing young men in gymnastics. Other European immigrants arrived with a love of gymnastics and formed new clubs. These clubs were focused on fitness rather than competition.

The first major gymnastics competition, Turnfest, took place in Germany in 1860. Members of American gymnastics clubs took part in the 1861 event, and in subsequent Turnfests. When the Olympic Games were revived in 1896, gymnastics gained another competitive venue, at least for male athletes. Women did not compete in Olympic gymnastics until 1928.

Rules and Regulations

Men and women compete in a number of individual and team events. Some events also include group performances, such as a six-person rhythmic gymnastics event.

Women compete in four artistic events—balance beam, floor exercise, uneven bars, and vault—as well as rhythmic gymnastics and tumbling. Balance beam involves a number of acrobatic and dance skills on a beam that is four inches wide. Floor exercise is a demonstration to music of acrobatic moves, with the added element of dance, and is highly individualized. Gymnasts competing in uneven bars frequently flip and swing from two parallel bars, set at different heights. The vault event involves a springboard and table that athletes use to vault themselves into the air; they perform flips and twists before landing. Rhythmic gymnastics and tumbling involve acrobatics; rhythmic gymnastics may involve items such as ribbons, and the routine is set to music.

Men compete in six artistic events—floor exercise, horizontal bar, parallel bars, pommel horse, still rings, and vault—as well as tumbling. Most events are designed to highlight physical strength. Floor exercise for men is a routine set to music and involves artistry and acrobatics as the athletes make mandatory passes across the floor area. The high bar (horizontal bar) event involves swings and turns on a bar that is about nine feet high. Men's parallel bar exercises use bars at the same height for a series of swings and flights. Pommel horse involves circular movements and scissors elements. The still rings, which are suspended from cables, should remain still and steady as the gymnast performs moves during this event. The vault event for men is similar to the women's event, with athletes using a springboard and pushing off from the table to complete twists and flips.

Both men and women compete in trampoline. At world championship competitions, events include double mini-trampoline and synchronized trampoline, which involves teams of two gymnasts competing side by side on two trampolines.

A primary concern in competition is to "stick the landing." This means the gymnast lands with feet together and does not hop or step. Judges deduct points for faulty landings.

Many competitions use four judges, and drop the highest and lowest scores. Although judges have guidelines, the scores are subjective, because the athletes are judged for the feats they perform as well as the grace they exhibit.

Since 2006, the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) has used a new scoring system and two panels of judges. One panel starts with a 0 and adds points for connections, difficulty, and requirements. A second panel starts with 10, and deducts points for artistry and execution. The difficulty score and execution scores are then added for the final score. Under the old system, the maximum score was 10, but the new system has no maximum score. The nine Olympic judges include two on the reference panel, who make any corrections to the execution score; two on the difficulty panel; and five on the execution panel.

Strategy and Tactics

Competitive gymnastics is highly stressful. Many athletes experience falls and injuries, which can inspire fear of further injury. The increasing difficulty level in competition requires concentration and confidence. Sports psychologists report that many athletes leave competitive gymnastics because of fear.

Athletes gain confidence through practice and success. Repetition in practice develops muscle memory, so the athlete can simply do what he or she has done many times successfully.

Mental preparation may be more difficult. Athletes may learn to control their fear through a variety of relaxation and concentration exercises. For many, this includes an established pre-competition routine of mental preparedness and ritual. This frequently includes listening to music to get them in the right mood. They may also mentally revisit successful performances and give themselves a pep talk. Athletes should also focus on the here and now, not the end of the routine or the awards ceremony.

Professional Leagues and Series

The International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) was founded in Europe in 1881. It organized the first Gymnastics World Championships for men in 1903 and for women in 1934. These events take place annually. The international organization also oversees FIG World Cup events; multisport games including the Olympics and Commonwealth Games; and Continental Championships. The Summer Olympic Games take place every four years at various venues around the world. Gymnastics is one of the most popular sports among viewing audiences during the Olympics.

Popularity

FIG estimates 50 million people worldwide regularly participate in amateur gymnastics every year. FIG counts 148 affiliated federations around the world. The majority of gymnasts are female athletes; as of 2014, FIG membership was nearly 67 percent female.

USA Gymnastics reports nearly 5.3 million Americans age six or older participate in amateur gymnastics. Of these, 76 percent are female athletes, and 80 percent are younger than eighteen years of age.

Gymnastics, in particular women's events, is among the most watched of those Olympic sports that are televised. In 2006, an estimated 12.4 million people watched Olympic gymnastics broadcasts. The majority of viewers—69 percent—were female. A study conducted by the Sports & Fitness Industry Association in 2012 found that Olympic exposure spurs interest in sports, including gymnastics. Following the broadcast of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, gymnastics in the United States enjoyed a surge in participation, increasing 3.6 percent. Other countries have seen similar bumps. After British gymnast Louis Smith gained fame for winning medals at multiple international events, including a silver medal at the Olympic Games, British Gymnastics reported in December of 2015 that the number of participants older than sixteen had taken a one-year leap from 37,000 to 51,000.

Bibliography

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