Indigenous Languages of the Americas

Linguists typically classify the Indigenous Languages of the Americas into more than fifty distinct families, which collectively comprise approximately nine hundred and fifty different tongues. However, exact statistics have proven difficult to compile, owing to the outlying nature of some native communities; this issue is especially prevalent in some parts of South America, where numerous small pockets of aborigines still live in isolation from mainstream society, inhibiting efforts to catalog and study their speech patterns.

Ethnologue, an authoritative US-based publication that collects and releases regularly updated information about the languages of the world, has identified thirteen distinct North American indigenous language families, with six additional families native to Central America and thirty-seven native to South America. As classification paradigms have not been standardized, linguistics experts have some differences of opinion in regards to the criteria used to designate a language family and those used to distinguish distinct languages from dialects. Furthermore, some contemporary research suggests that the hundreds of unique languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of the Americas have a far smaller number of original root sources than was initially believed. These factors further confound efforts to pinpoint exact numbers, but scholars generally agree that while South America has the largest number of indigenous language families, it has fewer languages per family compared to patterns seen in both Central America and North America.

Major Language Families of the Aborigines of the Americas: Backgrounds, Origins, and Classification

A groundbreaking 1992 article published in Scientific American detailed a new theory regarding the genesis of the indigenous languages of the Americas, citing research that suggested nearly all tongues spoken by Native Americans could be traced back to only three distinct sources of origin. This, in turn, implied that the aboriginal peoples of the Americas migrated from Asia in three separate windows of movement. According to researchers who support this theory, the hundreds of unique languages and dialects that subsequently developed throughout the indigenous populations of North, Central, and South America therefore descended directly from only three root tongues, one of which was spoken by members of each of the three waves of migrants who began to journey from northeastern Asia into northwestern North America approximately fifteen thousand years ago.

While this theory has not been conclusively proven, it further problematizes the traditional distinctions that group the indigenous languages of the Americas into dozens of different families. In spite of the evidence in support of this theory, due to lingering uncertainty, most linguists continue to use established systems of classification that group indigenous tongues into larger family units, with language families typically being confined to identifiable aboriginal groups and specific geographic regions.

Major traditional classifications of the language families of the indigenous peoples of the Americas include these:

• Algic. The Algic languages, also known as the Algonquian languages, include more than thirty different tongues spoken by indigenous populations native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Widely known examples include Mi'kmaq, Cree, Mohican, Shawnee, and Cheyenne.
• Arawakan. Alternately known the Maipurean language family, the Arawakan family is made up of approximately seventy distinct tongues and dialects native to the West Indies and the northern coastal regions of South America.
• Athapaskan. One of the broadest-reaching indigenous American language families, the Athapaskan group of tongues is native to a large expanse of North America, ranging from Alaska to the Rio Grande. Tongues in this language family include Apache and Navajo, among many others.
• Cariban.Like the Arawakan language family, the Cariban tongues originated in the Caribbean and the northern reaches of the South American mainland, but extend as far south as northern Brazil.
• Eskimo-Aleut. The Eskimo-Aleut language family is largely confined to the northernmost inhabited regions of North America, extending across polar areas from Alaska in the west to Greenland in the east.
• Iroquoian. Traditionally spoken in the northeastern parts of the United States and the southeastern regions of Canada, the Iroquoian language family includes such tongues as Seneca, Oneida, Mohawk, Tuscarora, Huron, and Cherokee.
• Mayan. Originating in the present-day countries of Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala, the Mayan language family includes four sub-groups, including the Cholan, Huastecan, Kanjobalan-Chujean, and Quichean-Mamean languages.
• Muskogean. Subclassified into Eastern, Central, and Western language groups, the Muskogean language family is native to what is now the southeastern United States. Examples of Muskogean languages include Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Apalachee, Pensacola, and Tuskegee.
• Salishan. The Salishan language family is comprised of approximately two dozen distinct tongues and dialects spoken in southwestern Canada and the northwestern United States, spanning from the coast to the continental interior of an area running from British Columbia south to Oregon.
• Uto-Aztecan. Native to the western United States and Mexico, the Uto-Aztecan family includes seven distinct subgroups, including the Numic, Takic, Aztecan, Taracahitic, Tepiman, Corachol, and Tubar languages.

It is important to note that a sizeable number of indigenous tongues spoken in the Americas do not belong to a distinct language family, and that some scholars disagree on which languages are best grouped into which family.

Current Prevalence and Status of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas

Reliable statistics regarding the number of existing speakers of indigenous American languages have been difficult to generate, given the challenges associated with counting members of tribes that still lead traditional lifestyles in isolation from conventional civilization. However, estimates suggest that approximately 800 indigenous American languages have survived into the present day, with a total of some 25 million native speakers. The vast majority of those native speakers live in South America and Central America. In North America, 193 of 197 living languages are considered endangered.

Bibliography

Greenberg, Joseph H., and Merritt Ruhlen. "Linguistic Origins of Native Americans." Scientific American267, No. 5 (1992): 94-9. Print.

Lee, Tanya H. "7 Most Popular Native American Languages in U.S." Indian Country Today Media Network, 2014, indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/30/7-most-popular-native-american-languages-us-155557. Accessed 28 Oct. 2024.

"Native Languages of the Americas: Amerindian Language Families." Native Languages of the Americas. Native Languages of the Americas. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. http://www.native-languages.org/linguistics.htm

"The Race to Save Indigenous Languages." NPR, 25 Feb. 2024, www.npr.org/2024/02/25/1233819688/the-race-to-save-indigenous-languages. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024.

Thompson, Irene, and Jon Phillips. "Indigenous Languages of South America." About World Languages, haboutworldlanguages.com/indigenous-languages-of-south-america. Accessed 28 Oct. 2024.