Stylistics
Stylistics is a specialized branch of linguistics that focuses on the analysis and interpretation of style in written language, particularly within literature. It encompasses various sub-disciplines, including interpretive, empirical, evaluative, gender and feminist, computational, and cognitive stylistics. Scholars in this field, known as stylisticians, use a scientific approach to examine how grammatical, rhetorical, and literary devices shape readers' perceptions and interpretations of texts. The history of stylistics is rooted in classical rhetoric, evolving through movements such as Russian formalism and structuralism, before integrating contemporary approaches that consider linguistic structures alongside cognitive processes.
Contemporary stylistics aims to minimize bias in literary analysis, often employing empirical methods to ensure objectivity. The field is influenced by sociolinguistics and advancements in technology, allowing for comprehensive stylistic analyses using computer programs. Moreover, the integration of stylistics into literature programs at educational institutions highlights its growing importance in enhancing the understanding of both language and literary analysis. As stylistics continues to evolve, its future may lie in the intersection of linguistic study and cognitive neuroscience, exploring deeper connections between language, thought, and interpretation.
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Stylistics
Stylistics is an area of study within the field of linguistics, or the scientific study of language. Stylistics focuses on analysis and interpretation of the style of written language, typically in literature. It also may be referred to as "literary linguistics." A number of sub-disciplines exist in the study of stylistics, such as interpretive stylistics, empirical stylistics, evaluative stylistics, gender and feminist stylistics, computational stylistics, and cognitive stylistics. A researcher working in the field of stylistics is called a stylistician. A stylistician is an individual who has expert knowledge of rhetoric and grammar and its components. These components include phonology, or the relationships among the sounds of speech, and syntax, or the arrangements of words or phrases in sentences. A stylistician uses the language in a literary text to collect evidence that either supports or denies literary critics' individual interpretations. A primary goal of stylistics is to conduct analysis of literary texts through a scientific method that is free of personal opinion and interpretation.
Brief History
To understand the history of stylistics, it is necessary to understand rhetoric. Rhetoric is a method of persuasive speaking that is usually intended to have a specific effect on the audience through its use of language. The origins of stylistics may be traced back to the classical rhetoric of Aristotle and the ancient Greeks and Romans, who first defined the five canons of rhetoric. The canons of rhetoric were the steps one followed to develop clear and persuasive communication. They included discovering or gathering material, organizing, writing, memorizing, and finally delivering a speech. Professor of rhetoric Michael Burke, who edited The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics, believes stylistics originates from the third canon. After the material was gathered and arguments were formed (the first two canons), the written text was stylized for optimal clarity and precision. It was established within high style, middle style, or low style, depending on whether the speech was intended to be persuade (high style) or instruct (low style).
In the early twentieth century, three scholars—Roman Jakobson, Vladimir Propp, and Viktor Shklovsky—helped stylistics evolve in Russia. According to Burke, their goal was to analyze literature in a scientific way. They wanted to identify the rhetorical elements that constitute style, make a text poetic, or make certain common words appear unfamiliar and therefore more engaging. This type of study was referred to as Russian formalism. It eventually evolved into an area of study called structuralism and, ultimately, functionalism. Rather than exclusively studying the language in a literary text, functionalism placed stylistic analysis once again within the context of the literature, as stylistics continues to be studied in contemporary research.
Overview
According to some experts, the ultimate purpose of the study of stylistics is to determine how the various grammatical, rhetorical, and literary devices in a text influence the reader's perception of the writing. Typical stylistic analysis attempts to uncover the ways by which texts influence readers. However, this method of analysis often requires a third party's interpretation of the text, and that leaves room for speculation that may or may not be accurate. To reduce bias and remove the need for speculation, the sub-discipline of empirical stylistics tries to focus on the linguistic structure of a text and ensure that the analysis does not incorporate literary criticism. Still, some stylistics experts believe that it is virtually impossible to be completely objective in any type of literary analysis. Contemporary stylistics attempts to address this issue as comprehensively as possible by using clear methods and models for analysis and by presenting findings concurrently with supporting data from the literary text.
Researchers in the field of cognitive stylistics combine this methodical study of the structure and linguistic choices in a particular text with an analysis of the cognitive processes that inform human interpretation and understanding of language. Some experts believe that the future study of stylistics rests within the sub-discipline of cognitive stylistics and, more specifically, within the study of neuroscience. Neuroscience is the study of the brain and nervous system. Experts believe that cognitive psychology, or the study of the mind and its functions, and cognitive linguistics could also play a role.
Other stylisticians, such as H. G. Widdowson, author of Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature, argue that stylistic analysis cannot be focused exclusively on language and separated from literary criticism. Widdowson's theory is that stylistic analysis is a tool that bridges the study of two unique subjects: English language, from a linguistic perspective, and literature, from a literary criticism perspective. Both methods of inquiry approach literary texts with the goal of interpreting them for meaning and clarity. From the perspective of education, Widdowson argues that stylistics is able to move a student forward in his or her knowledge of both literature and language to a deeper degree of understanding in the more advanced fields of linguistics and literary criticism.
Stylisticians and researchers in the twenty-first century see the continuing evolution of stylistics. The field of sociolinguistics, which examines language in relation to socioeconomic factors, location, gender, and bilingualism, has influenced stylistics. In addition, technological advances have brought about changes to stylistics. For example, computer programs are able to conduct extensive stylistic analysis across a single literary text or across a full body of work by an author or from a particular genre. Colleges and institutions have begun incorporating stylistics more broadly into traditional English literature programs. The idea is to better integrate linguistics and language structure into the cultivation of both literary analysis and creative writing skills.
Bibliography
Burke, Michael, editor. The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2014.
Nordquist, Richard. "Stylistics in Applied Linguistics: The Elements of Style in Literary Works." ThoughtCo., 8 May 2017, www.thoughtco.com/stylistics-language-studies-1692000. Accessed 11 Oct. 2017.
Semino, Elena, and Jonathan Culpeper, editors. Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002.
Sotirova, Violeta, editor. The Bloomsbury Companion to Stylistics. Bloomsbury, 2015.
Spitzer, Leo. Linguistics and Literary History: Essays in Stylistics. Princeton Legacy Library, 2016.
Stockwell, Peter, and Sara Whiteley, editors. The Cambridge Handbook of Stylistics. Cambridge UP, 2014.
Wales, Katie. A Dictionary of Stylistics. 3rd ed., Pearson Longman, 2011.
Widdowson, H. G. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. 3rd ed., Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2013.