Northern Securities Co. v. United States
Northern Securities Co. v. United States was a significant Supreme Court case decided in 1904 that addressed the application of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. At the heart of the case was the Northern Securities Company, which controlled stock in three major railroads and argued that its stock ownership did not constitute commerce, thus falling outside the antitrust law's jurisdiction. The case emerged during President Theodore Roosevelt's administration, a time marked by increasing efforts to regulate large corporate conglomerates. In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled by a narrow 5-4 margin in favor of the government, affirming that the Sherman Act could be applied to various combinations that restrained interstate trade. Justice John Marshall Harlan, writing for the majority, emphasized a broad interpretation of the law, suggesting that the implications of dissolving such companies on the business community were not a concern for the Court. Conversely, dissenting justices argued that the company's practices did not unreasonably restrain trade and challenged the scope of congressional authority over stock ownership. This case set a precedent for future antitrust actions and reflected the evolving dialogue around corporate regulation in the United States.
Northern Securities Co. v. United States
Date: March 14, 1904
Citation: 193 U.S. 197
Issue: Sherman Antitrust Act
Significance: The Supreme Court found that a large holding company was an unlawful combination within the meaning of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890).
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was of limited success in controlling corporate power during its first decade. After Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, he inaugurated a popular campaign to dissolve some of the largest combinations of the time. One of his major targets was the Northern Securities Company, which held the stocks of three railroads. The company argued that stock ownership was not commerce and therefore not within the scope of the antitrust law.
By a 5-4 vote, however, the Supreme Court agreed with the government’s case against the company. Writing for the majority, Justice John Marshall Harlan broadly interpreted the law so that it applied to all contracts or combinations that resulted in a restraint of interstate trade. He also insisted that the Court could not be concerned about whether dissolving the company would have an adverse impact on the business community. Justice David J. Brewer, while arguing that the Sherman Act applied only to unreasonable restraints on interstate trade, joined the majority. The four dissenters, in contrast, maintained that the Northern Securities Company did not unreasonably restrain trade and that the commerce clause did not authorize Congress to regulate stock ownership.