The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe
"The Black Cat" by Edgar Allan Poe is a chilling short story narrated by an unreliable protagonist who recounts his descent into madness. The narrative unfolds in two distinct parts, the first detailing the narrator's increasing violence against his pets and wife, fueled by alcoholism. Central to the story is a black cat named Pluto, whose name foreshadows the narrator's dark journey into self-destruction and moral decay. After a series of grotesque acts, including the mutilation of Pluto and the hanging of the cat, a house fire occurs, leaving behind the image of the hanged cat—a symbol of the narrator's guilt.
In the second part, the narrator adopts another black cat that bears a striking resemblance to Pluto but comes to embody his guilt and paranoia. Tensions escalate, leading to the brutal murder of his wife in a fit of rage when she intervenes as he attempts to kill the new cat. The climax occurs when the police discover his wife's corpse concealed within a wall, inadvertently revealed by the very cat he sought to escape. Ultimately, the narrator attempts to shift blame onto the cat, illustrating themes of guilt, madness, and the consequences of unchecked impulses. Poe's work delves into the psychological complexities of the human experience, inviting readers to reflect on the darker aspects of the psyche.
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The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe
First published: 1843
Type of plot: Psychological
Time of work: The mid-nineteenth century
Locale: An unnamed American city
Principal Characters:
The narrator , an educated man and animal lover turned alcoholic, ailurophobe, and murdererHis wife , sensitive and silent-sufferingPluto , the couple's first pet black catA second black cat , one-eyed, which is adopted by the couple
The Story
Told in the first person by an unreliable narrator (a term designating one who either consciously or unconsciously distorts the truth), the story can be seen to be divided into two parts, each of which builds toward a climactic physical catastrophe: in the first part, the narrator's mutilation and later murder of a favorite pet, as well as a fire that destroys all he and his wife own; in the second part, the narrator's ax murder of his wife, followed by his arrest and death sentence.
Opening with both suspense and mystery in his revelation that he wants to "unburden" his soul because he will die the next day, the narrator gives details (with unwitting ironic ramifications) of his early love for animals and marriage to a woman of the same sentiments, who presents him with many pets. Among these is his favorite, a black cat, whose name, Pluto (Greek god of the underworld), foreshadows the narrator's descent into the murky regions of alcoholism, self-deception, and violence.
When he does later succumb to alcoholism, the narrator shortly thereafter begins maltreating his wife and pets, which gives a double meaning to his term for drinking, "Fiend Intemperance," referring not only to alcohol abuse but also to intemperate transgression of rational thought and behavior. Eventually the narrator maltreats "even Pluto" (which implies that the cat was valued more than his wife, whom he has maltreated earlier). One night, presumably out of frustration, he seizes the cat, which has been avoiding him. When it bites him, the narrator says he became "possessed" by a "demon" and with his pocket knife cut out one of the cat's eyes. At first grieved and then irritated by the consequences of his action, the narrator says that he was then "overthrown" by "the spirit of PERVERSENESS" (author's capitalization), Edgar Allan Poe's definition of which anticipates by a half century psychologist Sigmund Freud's concepts of the id (unconscious desires to do all things, even wrongs, for pleasure's sake) and the death wish (the impulse within all for self-destruction). The "spirit of PERVERSENESS" causes the narrator, even while weeping, to hang Pluto in a neighboring garden. That night a fire destroys his house and all his worldly wealth, and the next day the narrator discovers on the only wall that remains standing the raised gigantic image on its surface of a hanged cat.
His alcoholism continuing, the narrator one night at a disreputable tavern discovers another black cat, which he befriends and adopts (by implication making a substitution out of guilt and remorse), as does his wife. For this double (a frequent motif in Poe's works), however, the narrator rapidly develops a loathing. First, it has only one eye, which reminds him of his crimes against Pluto. Second, it is too friendly—an ironic inversion of the common complaint that cats are too aloof, as the narrator complained about Pluto. Third, it has a white patch on its breast that to the guilty narrator's imagination looks more and more like a gallows, which points both backward to his hanging of Pluto and, unknown to him, forward to his hanging for the murder of his wife.
One day, with his wife on an errand into the cellar of their decrepit old house, the narrator, infuriated when he is almost tripped on the stairs by the cat, starts to kill it with an ax, is stopped by his wife, and then instead kills her with the ax. With insane calmness and ratiocination, the narrator concocts and implements a plan of concealing the corpse in a cellar wall. Meanwhile, the cat, which has tormented his dreams, has vanished, allowing him to sleep—despite his wife's murder. Inquiries are made about his missing wife, however, and on the fourth day after the murder, the police come for a thorough search. As they are about to leave the cellar, the narrator, apparently with taunting bravado but really with unconscious guilt that seeks to delay them so he may be arrested and punished, remarks to them on the solidity of the house's walls, rapping with a cane the very spot of the concealed tomb. When a horrible scream is emitted from the wall, the police break down the bricks, discover the corpse with the black cat howling on its head, and arrest the criminal. Rationalizing to the end, the narrator blames the cat for his misdeeds and capture: "the hideous beast whose craft had seduced me into murder, and whose informing voice had consigned me to the hangman."
Bibliography
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