Galway Kinnell

Poet

• Born: February 1, 1927
• Birthplace: Providence, Rhode Island
• Died: October 28, 2014

American poet

Biography

In 1983 Galway Kinnell won both the Pulitzer Prize in poetry and the American Book Award for his Selected Poems. This volume of poems, which represents Kinnell’s work from 1946 to 1980, may be characterized best as an exploration of what is primitive, wild, and transient in human experience. From the appearance of his first volume in 1960, Kinnell attempted to assert the beauty in the act of living and the appropriateness in the act of dying.

Kinnell attended public schools in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, until his senior year in high school, when he received a scholarship to Wilbraham Academy in Massachusetts. The following year, 1944, he enrolled at Princeton, from which he would receive a BA before earning his MA from the University of Rochester. At Princeton he met W. S. Merwin, a fellow student and aspiring poet. Their meeting was fortuitous, as was Kinnell’s contact with Charles G. Bell, a professor at Princeton who introduced Kinnell to the “open form” theories of Charles Olson at the Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Although Kinnell made use of traditional rhyme and meter in his earlier work, such formal considerations were never the focus of his vision. Even in “The Feast,” one of his first published pieces (collected in First Poems: 1946–1954), Kinnell’s use of form seems at best perfunctory, while his attempts to understand how, having feasted on love, we must forever be “dying in each other’s arms” are all-consuming.

In his consistent endeavors to find some transcendence in death, at times Kinnell used traditional religious imagery. In his use of such imagery, however, there remains an attachment to the mystery of the physical world. For example, “To Christ Our Lord,” published in 1960, demonstrates Kinnell’s ardent desire to reattach the physical world to the spiritual world. Driven by a distinct narrative, as are many of Kinnell’s poems, “To Christ Our Lord” depicts a young boy’s struggle to fathom how his act of killing a bird for Christmas dinner might be reconciled with the beauty of the wild creature’s life. As is often the case in Kinnell’s poetry, no clear answer comes to the youth; rather, in a moment of mysterious grace, a swan rises up in the night to spread her wings like a cross, offering a “pattern and mirror of the acts of earth.”

Such devotion to the physical world was exhibited in Kinnell’s life by his continued efforts to reform and transform the human condition. From 1951 to 1955, Kinnell worked in the University of Chicago’s downtown educational program, and in 1963 he was a volunteer for voter registration in Louisiana and played an active role in the Civil Rights movement. He also organized and participated in readings in protest of the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, and nuclear energy. Kinnell was also a fine teacher. He was a Fulbright Professor in Iran and France, and served as poet-in-residence at numerous colleges and universities in the United States and abroad.

During his career Kinnell established a well-deserved reputation as a reader of his poems. As a teacher, he hoped to connect his words to the animal world in order that his audience might glimpse the mysteries of life. As he stated in one of his many interviews, “If the things and creatures that live on earth don’t possess mystery, then there isn’t any. To touch this mystery requires, I think, love of the things and creatures that surround us: the capacity to go out to them so that they enter us, so that they are transformed within us, and so that our own inner life finds expression through them.” In “The Bear,” perhaps Kinnell’s most celebrated poem, the speaker becomes one with the bear he has killed by cutting open the carcass and crawling in to sleep. When he awakens, he is unsure of what is real and what is dream and attempts to come to some understanding of what his life has been: “what, anyway,/ was that sticky infusion, that rank flavor of blood, that/ poetry, by which I lived?” For Kinnell, the transcendence he hoped for must be rooted firmly in the soil of this world and in the very poetry by which he lived.

Kinnell also published translations of works by poets such as Yves Bonnefoy, Yvan Goll, François Villon, and Rainer Maria Rilke, as well as the interview collection Walking Down the Stairs (1978), the novel Black Light (1966), and the children's book How the Alligator Missed Breakfast (1982).

For his impressive body of work, Kinnell received many grants and awards, including a National Institute of Arts and Letters Award in 1962, two Guggenheim Fellowships in 1962 and 1974, a National Endowment for the Arts grant for 1969-1970, and the Medal of Merit from the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1975. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1984, the same year in which Selected Poems won the National Book Award for Poetry, and in 1986 he won the National Book Critics Circle Award for The Past. He went on to receive the Frost Medal from the Poetry Society of America in 2002 and the Wallace Stevens Award for proven mastery in the art of poetry in 2010. In 1980 Kinnell was elected a member of the National Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, and from 1989 to 1993 he served as the Vermont State Poet. He was a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets from 2001 to 2007.

Kinnell died on October 28, 2014, at his home in Sheffield, Vermont, of leukemia. He was eighty-seven years old and is survived by his wife, Barbara K. Bristol, and his two children from a previous marriage, Fergus and Maud, as well as two grandchildren.

Bibliography

Bly, Robert. “Galway Kinnell: The Hero and The Old Farmer.” American Poetry: Wildness and Domesticity. New York: Harper , 1990. Print.

Calhoun, Richard J. Galway Kinnell. New York: Twayne, 1992. Print.

Goldensohn, Lorrie. “Approaching Home Ground: Galway Kinnell’s Mortal Acts, Mortal Words.” The Massachusetts Review 25 (1984): 303–21. Print.

Kleinbard, David. “Galway Kinnell’s Poetry of Transformation.” The Centennial Review 30 (1986): 41–56. Print.

Lewis, Daniel. "Galway Kinnell, Plain-Spoken Poet, Is Dead at 87." New York Times. New York Times, 29 Oct. 2014. Web. 5 Aug. 2015.

Lund, Elizabeth. "The Loveliness of Pigs: Galway Kinnell Searches for the Real Beauty." Christian Science Monitor. Christian Science Monitor, 2001. Web. 5 Aug. 2015.

Maceira, Karen. “Galway Kinnell: A Voice to Lead Us.” Hollins Critic 32.4 (1995): 1–15. Print.

Moffett, Joe. "Questioning Western Spirituality: Galway Kinnell's The Book of Nightmares and Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers without End." Mysticism in Postmodernist Long Poems: Contemplation of the Divine. Lanham: Lehigh UP, 2015. 107–28. Print.

Nelson, Howard, ed. On the Poetry of Galway Kinnell: The Wages of Dying. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1987. Print.

Taylor, Granville. “From Irony to Lyricism: Galway Kinnell’s True Voice.” Christianity and Literature 37 (1988): 45–54. Print.

Tuten, Nancy Lewis, ed. Critical Essays on Galway Kinnell. New York: Hall, 1996. Print.

Williams, C. K. "Postscript: Galway Kinnell (1927–2014)." New Yorker. Condé Nast, 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 5 Aug. 2015.

Zimmerman, Lee. Intricate and Simple Things: The Poetry of Galway Kinnell. Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1987. Print.