Psychedelic rock
Psychedelic rock is a genre of rock music that emerged in the 1960s, primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom, as part of the broader psychedelic culture of the time. Often referred to as acid rock, this genre integrates musical elements from jazz and blues to create a distinctive sound characterized by elaborate studio techniques, including the use of electronic instruments, echo, and varied rhythms. The genre's lyrics often delve into themes of fantasy and dreamlike states, diverging from the straightforward narratives typical of earlier rock music.
Influenced by the counterculture movement and the use of hallucinogenic drugs, psychedelic rock sought to offer an escape from the social challenges of the era. Prominent bands such as The Beatles, Jefferson Airplane, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix Experience, and Pink Floyd contributed significantly to the genre’s development and popularity. Despite declining in prominence in the 1970s, psychedelic rock has left a lasting legacy, influencing various music styles, including progressive rock, new wave, and even modern acts like Nirvana and Pearl Jam. The cultural impact of psychedelic rock extended beyond music, influencing art, fashion, and literature, reflecting its role as a voice of a generation seeking transformation and exploration.
Psychedelic rock
Psychedelic rock is a type of rock and roll music that was part of the American and British psychedelic culture of the 1960s. Sometimes called acid rock, psychedelic rock borrowed musical techniques from earlier genres, such as jazz and blues, building upon those genres to create a unique sound. Many of the most popular rock bands from the 1960s and 1970s used elements of psychedelic music in their songs. Psychedelic rock also influenced other musical genres, including new wave, punk, trance, and even pop music.
Origins
Psychedelic music came from the counterculture of the 1960s that was experienced mainly in the United Kingdom and the United States, but also Australia, New Zealand, and other Western countries. The post–World War II economic boom of the 1950s had given way to a new generation that focused on the social inequities of the western hemisphere. Unlike folk music and other genres of the period that typically contained themes of social justice calls to action, psychedelic music attempted to create a diversion from the world’s troubles. Psychedelic musicians were influenced by jazz, folk, and blues music but added their own elements to create a distinct sound. Psychedelic music also was heavily influenced by musicians’ use of hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD, marijuana, and mescaline.
The term psychedelic was first used in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond to describe the effects of hallucinogenic drugs. Proponents of these drugs, including author Aldous Huxley and psychiatrist Timothy Leary, claimed that the drug use led to a sense of unity that was lacking after the materialistic nature of the 1950s. The use of drugs led to the deaths of several famous psychedelic rock musicians, including Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix. The first band to describe their music as psychedelic rock was singer and guitarist Roky Erickson’s The 13th Floor Elevators in their 1966 album The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators.
Sound and Lyrical Techniques
Prior to the 1960s, studio recordings of music typically were completed in one take, simply by recording the band playing the song. The intricate sound of psychedelic rock—characterized by a heavy reliance on keyboards, electric guitars with feedback and a wah-wah pedal, electronic organs, and other electronic instruments, echo and reverberation, and varied beats—introduced the concept of multitrack recording. This allowed psychedelic rock artists to overlap effects. Experts use the Beatles as a good example of the differences between simplistic pop of the late 1950s and early 1960s and psychedelic rock. The Beatles' first album, Introducing...The Beatles (1964), demonstrates simple studio recording techniques, whereas their best-selling album, Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club (1967), required long studio hours and took more than half a year to record.
The lyrics in psychedelic rock music also set these songs apart from other popular music of the period. Abstract lyrics depicted elements of fantasy, described dreamlike states, or otherwise blended words that seemed to make no sense. Examples of such lyrics can be heard in songs like Steppenwolf’s "Magic Carpet Ride" (1968), Strawberry Alarm Clock’s "Incense and Peppermints" (1967), and Cream’s "White Room" (1967).
Notable Bands
Many bands from the 1960s were part of the psychedelic rock movement, and music from those bands remains popular in the twenty-first century. The Beatles experimented with psychedelic rock on several albums, including Revolver (1966) and Magical Mystery Tour (1967). Jefferson Airplane also topped the charts with their 1967 song “White Rabbit,” featuring psychedelic imagery that referenced the classic story Adventures in Wonderland.
The Doors, led by Jim Morrison, used psychedelic elements such as pipe organs in many songs. The surfer rock band the Beach Boys also used psychedelic rock elements, such as overlapping harmonies and electronic instruments, in their album Pet Sounds (1966) as well as in their popular single "Good Vibrations" (1967). Other acts of the period that experimented with or embodied psychedelic rock culture include the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Who, Pink Floyd, Big Brother, Moby Grape, Iron Butterfly, and the Grateful Dead.
Cultural Impact
Psychedelic music influenced fashion, art, and other aspects of society. Artists like Wes Wilson and Victor Moscoso became noted for their design of psychedelic rock posters, which featured bright, clashing colors and exaggerated imagery. Novelists such as Tom Wolfe, Hunter S. Thompson, and William S. Burroughs wrote about their experiences with psychedelic drugs. Even movies from the era, such as Easy Rider (1969) and The Trip (1967), portrayed the psychedelic culture that was described in music of the time.
Continuing Influences
Many psychedelic rock bands departed from the genre as the 1970s began. In some cases, such as with Cream and the Grateful Dead, the bands returned to a more basic, traditionally instrument-driven sound. Yet progressive rock bands from the 1970s, such as Yes, as well as heavy metal bands like Black Sabbath, used influences from the psychedelic rock genre. In the 1980s, modern rock and new wave bands exhibited influences of psychedelic rock. Trance, electronic, and industrial music also use features of psychedelic rock. Some of the most popular musical acts of the late twentieth century, including Nirvana and Pearl Jam, recorded songs with a psychedelic rock flavor. The psychedelic rock bands of the 1960s remain some of the most popular musical acts of the twentieth century, and their influence continues into the new millennium.
Bibliography
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Costandi, Mo. "A Brief History of Psychedelic Psychiatry." Guardian, 2 Sept. 2014, www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2014/sep/02/psychedelic-psychiatry. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.
"A History Timeline about Psychedelic Rock." History Timelines, historytimelines.co/timeline/psychedelic-rock. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.
Matijas-Mecca, Christian. Listen to Psychedelic Rock!: Exploring a Musical Genre. Bloomsbury Academic, 2024.
Moscoso, Victor. Sex, Rock & Optical Illusions. Fantagraphics Books, 2006.
"Psychedelic Rock Posters and Fashion of the 1960s." Portland Art Museum, 19 Oct. 2024, portlandartmuseum.org/event/psychedelic-rock-posters-and-fashion-of-the-1960s. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.
Smith, Nicole. "The Influence of the 60s and Psychedelic Music and Culture on Modern Society." Article Myriad, 16 Jan. 2012, www.articlemyriad.com/influence-60s-psychedelic-music-culture-modern-society. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.
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