Black-on-black violence
Black-on-Black violence refers to violent acts committed by individuals within the African American community against each other. This issue, often misunderstood as a modern phenomenon, has historical roots tracing back to the 19th century, with increased prevalence noted especially in the 1990s. During this decade, homicide became the leading cause of death among Black males aged fifteen to thirty-four, revealing significant disparities in violence rates when compared to White populations. Although overall homicide rates decreased from 1990 to 2012, Black-on-Black violence remains a critical concern, with rates rising again since 2012.
Theoretical perspectives on the causes of this violence have evolved, moving away from simplistic views attributing it to racial differences and instead emphasizing socio-economic factors. Contemporary sociological theories suggest that community disadvantage, such as poverty and lack of access to role models, contributes significantly to violence rates. Factors like the normalization of violence and the availability of firearms exacerbate the problem, creating a cycle that perpetuates aggressive behavior across generations. Addressing Black-on-Black violence is increasingly seen as a public health issue, calling for comprehensive solutions like improved access to education and jobs, community engagement, and effective violence prevention programs to foster healthier environments for African American youth.
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Black-on-black violence
Black-on-Black violence reached epidemic proportions in the United States in the 1990s. This particular manifestation of intraethnic violence is frequently miscast as a relatively recent (post-1960s) phenomenon. However, social historian James W. Clarke documents an increased prevalence of violence within African American urban and rural communities since the 19th century. What has changed is the rate of increase of such violent confrontations and the youth of the victims. In the late 1990s, homicide surpassed disease and accident as the number-one cause of death in male African Americans age fifteen to thirty-four, and the lifetime risk of death by homicide was six times greater for African Americans than for Whites. Though homicide levels in general and among African Americans dropped significantly between 1990 and 2012 (African American homicide victims dropped from 39.4 to 19.4 homicides per 100,000 during that time), Black-on-Black crime continues to be an issue of dire importance to the African American community. Since 2012, rates began to climb again, with a rate of 29.0 homocides per 100,000 in 2022. Earlier notions of the causes of Black-on-Black violence were based on presumed racial (biologically/genetically based) differences in aggression. Later, more psychologically oriented views portrayed Black-on-Black violence as compensation for self-perceived inferiority, manifested as self-hate.
Such views, while persistent in the general population, have been largely discredited. Black-on-Black violence may be more reasonably viewed as a cultural phenomenon rather than as a racially or psychologically based act. Contemporary theory on Black-on-Black violence is typified by that of sociologist William J. Wilson, who postulates that disadvantage in community structure predicts violence equally in both African American and White neighborhoods. The fact that more African Americans than Whites live in the conditions that promote violent behavior results in the different rates of intraethnic violence between African Americans and Whites. Isolation from the society at large, diminished access to traditional role models, and dimmer job prospects make systematic upward mobility a dream that is not likely to be visualized or attained. The result is an erosion in the ability of traditional social controls such as schools and community self-supervision to govern violent behavior.
The Black-on-Black violence witnessed at the end of the 1990s may be attributed to several factors. The number of poverty-stricken communities, along with the magnitude of poverty in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods, has risen steadily since the 1970s. The resultant increase in stressors, plus context-specific attitudes advocating extreme responses to relatively minor infractions, has a synergistic effect, creating a vicious cycle in which young persons witness routinize violence as a problem-solving tool, come to view such violence as a norm, and adopt this behavior as teenagers and adults, effectively modeling this behavior for subsequent generations. If handguns are readily available, people may tend to settle perceived challenges using guns rather than their fists, with devastating consequences.
The single best predictor of aggressive behavior as an adult is aggressive behavior as a child or adolescent. Systemic problems require systemic solutions. Such solutions are aided by a rising reconceptualization of Black-on-Black violence as a major public health issue requiring societywide prevention and intervention techniques to stem the epidemic. According to sociologist William Oliver, steps in the solution include providing greater access to education and jobs, greater dispersal of African Americans into the society at large, more stringent gun-control laws, strategically placed violence-prevention programs, and renewed community dedication toward the functional socialization of African American youth.
Bibliography
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Cella, Matthew, and Alan Neuhauser. "Race and Homicide in America, by the Numbers." USA Today, 29 Sept. 2016, www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-09-29/race-and-homicide-in-america-by-the-numbers. Accessed 11 Nov. 2024.
Coates, Ta-Nehisi. "Black People Are Not Ignoring 'Black on Black' Crime: The Politics of Changing the Subject." Atlantic, 15 Aug. 2014, www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/08/black-people-are-not-ignoring-black-on-black-crime/378629/. Accessed 11 Nov. 2024.
Harrell, Erika. Black Victims of Violent Crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2007. Digital file.
Wilson, Amos N. Black-on-Black Violence: The Psychodynamics of Black Self-Annihilation in Service of White Domination. 2nd ed. New York: Afrikan World InfoSystems, 2011. Print.
Wilson, William J. More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City. New York: Norton, 2009.