Kinsey Report

In 1948, biologist Alfred C. Kinsey published the groundbreaking research report, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which has served as the impetus for the modern study of human sexuality. Now referred to colloquially as The Kinsey Report, it remains a controversial and oft-cited body of research. The Kinsey Report challenged many medical and social beliefs about homosexuality and female sexuality, and it contributed heavily to the feminist and gay/lesbian movements of the twentieth century. Kinsey used a taxonomic approach to the classification of human sexual behaviors, which allowed for the first scientific study of what had previously been seen as a moral or medical area of concern.

Keywords Bestiality; Bias; Bipolar Scale; Committee for Research in Problems of Sex (CRPS); Gay and Lesbian Studies; Gender Studies; Homosexuality; Human Sexuality; Kinsey, Alfred; Kinsey scale; Pedophile; Sample/Sampling; Sexual Behavior in the Human Male; Taxonomy

The Kinsey Report

Overview

Alfred C. Kinsey (1894–1956) was an American, Harvard-educated biologist and professor of entomology and zoology. In 1947, Kinsey founded the Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction at Indiana University. It was posthumously renamed the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. Kinsey is best known as the lead researcher and author of the 1948 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which became an international bestseller and drastically changed the perceptions of human sexuality among both the public and the academic body researching the field. Along with the 1953 volume Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, the two reports created a great deal of discussion and controversy and became an enduring part of American culture (Steinberg, 2005; Herzog, 2006).

References to "The Kinsey Report" abound in both academic literature and popular culture. In 1964, US poet Ogden Nash titled a piece "The Kinsey Report Didn't Upset Me, Either," in which he wrote, "I won't allow my life to be regulated by reports, whether rosily optimistic or gloomily cadaveric" (Nash, 1964, p.1). In 2004, the critically acclaimed movie Kinsey, starring actor Liam Neeson as Alfred Kinsey, portrayed the researcher who revolutionized the study of human sexuality. In addition, there have been academic and trade books published about the studies, their impact on science and culture, and about Kinsey himself.

In the decades following the publication of Kinsey's seminal studies, debates about the methods he used, the conclusions he drew, and his own sexual practices fueled a controversy that began soon after the reports were first disseminated. Kinsey received a great deal of praise for breaking the silence that had surrounded sexual matters and for making public norms and behaviors that had been considered much more rare and deviant than the research revealed (Herzog, 2006).

Historical Background

The study of human sexuality was considered a moral issue prior to 1890, when the medical community began to address issues of sexual function and sexually transmitted diseases, albeit with a nod to the moral standards of the times. Doctors with backgrounds in biology, anatomy, and medicine were seen as the most logical experts in the field (Bullough, 1998). Havelock Ellis and Magnus Hirschfeld were physicians whose research focused on sex through the use of sexual histories, much like Kinsey. The significant difference in their methods, though, is considered to be critical to the divergence in their findings. Ellis compiled histories through correspondence with volunteers, while Hirschfeld relied upon historical data and personal knowledge until late in his career when he began to conduct personal interviews (Bullough, 1998). "Unfortunately, Hirschfeld used only a small portion of his data in his published books, and before he could complete a comprehensive study of sexuality, his files were destroyed by the Nazis" (Bullough, 1994, as cited in Bullough, 1998, p. 127). While some of the data reported in those early studies came from the physicians' own practices and research, it was supplemented by anthropological studies, and much of it was informed by the political and moral standards of the early twentieth century (Bullough, 1998).

Other early research by physicians was published by psychiatrists, especially those trained as psychoanalysts, such as George Henry. These studies lacked validity in that their basic assumptions were flawed (for example, that homosexuals are ill). Furthermore, their questions were designed to determine differences among heterosexuals, but they lacked comparative studies with which to validate them (Henry, 1941, as cited in Bullough, 1998). Despite the difficulties in producing valid research, assumptions about the medical community's authority to explore human sexuality endured. When the Committee for Research in the Problems in Sex (CRPS), a grant-funding organization endowed through the Rockefeller's National Research Council, began awarding funds to researchers to conduct sex surveys, physicians were among the first to receive the monies (Bullough, 1998).

Kinsey was a classically trained scientist who taught courses in general biology, an author who had published several textbooks, and a researcher and world-renowned expert on gall wasps. He began his study of human sexuality in 1938 when he was invited to become a member of an interdisciplinary team delivering a course on marriage and family at Indiana University (Bullough, 1998). In 1941 he received an initial exploratory grant from the CRPS, which was followed by full funding the following year. Kinsey's approach to the study was clinical; he used taxonomy to dispassionately classify and describe behaviors and had no moral, ethical, or political agenda to inform his conclusions. The CRPS viewed Kinsey as a favorable candidate for research into human sexuality; he was a bench scientist with impeccable research skills, he was a full professor at a major university, his research into the field had the full support of the university administration, and he was married with adolescent children (Bullough, 1998). According to Bullough (1998), "the CRPS came to be so committed to Kinsey that by the 1946–1947 academic year, he was receiving half of the committee's total budget" (p. 129).

Kinsey's Research Methods

Kinsey's method of data collection involved personal interviews with volunteer subjects. One issue that he faced was the creation of a representative sample population of American adults. Steinberg (2005) states, "People who agreed to give their sexual histories would necessarily be a self-selected, and therefore skewed, subset of the total population" (p. 19). Kinsey sought to mitigate the problem by using a large number of subjects, hoping that the volume would lessen the bias. This also worked with his methodology, as the taxonomic approach required that data from as many subjects as possible be gathered. Although Kinsey had hoped to interview 100,000 subjects from a variety of distinct cultural subgroups for the report, only 18,000 were completed by the time the Rockefeller Foundation had stopped funding for the research in 1954. Kinsey had personally interviewed 8,000 participants. He believed that self-administered questionnaires encouraged dishonest responses and inaccuracies. He held that participants would only be truthful about their sexual experiences when questioned personally because discrepancies, untruths, and contradictions could be explored by the interviewer (Steinberg, 2005; Bullough, 1998).

Kinsey developed a system of variegated questions and checks to detect lies that respondents might tell, and he believed that his system was effective. Interviewer bias was also a concern, and to mitigate that, he instituted a process through which two interviewers would meet with the same subject independently and at different times, and responses would be compared. According to Bullough (1998), there were four interviewers, including Kinsey, and "if there was a bias, it came to be a shared one. The questions, however, were so wide-ranging that this too would limit much of the potential for slanting the data in any one direction" (p. 129).

Kinsey's challenge was to create an interview instrument and environment in which subjects would feel free to discuss a subject on which they had largely remained silent. Kinsey taught his researchers to project a sincere and objective demeanor that would put subjects at ease to disclose their sexual identities. Steinberg (2005) asserts, "his basic method—a contribution to sexual science as profound and long-lasting as the data he produced—was to lead people out of their socially enforced silence around sex and into a bubble of free speech where they had permission to speak openly and honestly about sex" (p. 19). In removing the moral overtones from the research, Kinsey removed the taboo that had kept subjects from disclosing their sexual truths; by keeping the research clinical and for scientific use, they were able to elicit more information.

In his reports, Kinsey dismissed sexual practices he deemed outliers, or statistically insignificant. Pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases were ignored, along with sexual behaviors such as swinging, group sex, sadism, masochism, transvestitism, voyeurism, and exhibitionism. Homosexuality, pedophilia, and bestiality, however, were studied in some depth. He treated sex as a part of human behavior, demystifying its discussion and bringing into focus the aspects of sexuality that define individuals by making the study scientific rather than voyeuristic (Bullough, 1998).

Further Insights

Kinsey's Findings

The Kinsey studies had a profound impact on both American culture and the study of human sexuality. Bethell (2005) states, "Remember the Kinsey sermon: there is no such thing as abnormality, just ceaseless sexual variety" (p. 1), and Steinberg offers, "'Everybody's sin is nobody's sin,' Kinsey proclaimed" (p. 20). The studies brought to light the fact that American sexual activities were radically different from what people believed. "Homosexuality, bisexuality, premarital sex, extramarital sex, oral sex, anal sex, masturbation, sadomasochism, sex with animals, sex with and between pre-adolescent children, sex between older people, sex with prostitutes—all of these were found to be common practices" (Steinberg, 2005, p. 19).

Kinsey's reports challenged many conventional beliefs about human sexual experiences. Romesburg (1998) states, "he also found that nearly 50% of the women had engaged in sex before marriage and more than 25% had experienced extramarital sexual intercourse" (p. 1). In addition, he portrayed extramarital sexual intercourse as a neutral activity rather than as a societal ill. Bullough (1998) suggests, "he questioned the assumption that extramarital intercourse always undermined the stability of marriage… he seemed to feel that the most appropriate extramarital affair, from the standpoint of preserving a marriage, was an alliance in which neither party became overly involved emotionally" (p. 131).

Another convention challenged by Kinsey's research was that of the asexuality (lack of sexual desire) of women. According to Herzog (2006), "American commentators on the female volume were especially distressed by high rates of female marital infidelity and by Kinsey's assertions that female orgasmic response was almost identical to men's" (p. 39). Bullough concurs, stating that among women, "40%…had experienced orgasm within the first months of marriage, 67% by the first six months, and 75% by the end of the first year" (p. 131). In addition, "Twenty-five percent had experienced orgasm by the age of 15, more than 50% by the age of 20, and 64% before marriage" (Bullough, 1998, p. 131).

The creation of a taxonomy of human sexual behaviors was one of the many points of controversy when the reports were made public. This scientific approach to the subject allows for the objective classification of all sexual activities in which humans engage and classifies none as abnormal. The classification of human sexuality into a zoological framework fails to incorporate aspects of human psychology and emotion, which impact sexual experiences. Critics argued that defining what is normal for humans in the same manner as what is normal for animals neglects key aspects of human sexuality (Bullough, 1998).

Prevalence of Homosexuality

Kinsey developed a seven-point bipolar scale, which was one of the standard means of organizing social science research data at that time. Homosexuality and heterosexuality were seen as points on the seven-point continuum, with the only objective indicator being what activity resulted in orgasm. Most people would respond in such a way that they would be in the middle of the scale. Bullough explains, "when one rates heterosexual orgasm as 0 and homosexual orgasm 6, a logical decision in terms of taxonomy, he in effect weights the scale by seeming to imply that exclusive heterosexuality is one extreme and exclusive homosexuality the other" (p. 130). While Kinsey found that most people can be classified exclusively heterosexual, his scale suggests that homosexuality is simply another sexual activity, which was revolutionary at the time. It was his findings that homosexual activity is much more prevalent than it had been believed to be and his implication that it is within the normal range of behavior, that led to many of the attacks on his research (Bullough, 1998).

According to Romesburg (1998), after Kinsey interviewed nearly 6,000 men, he "concluded that 37% had engaged in at least one homosexual experience to orgasm between the ages of 16 and 55 [but] only 4% of the men were what he called 'exclusively homosexual'" (p. 1). Among women, Kinsey "reported that while 28% of women had "experienced homosexual arousal" by age 45, fewer than 3% could be classified as 'exclusively homosexual'" (Romesburg, 1998, p. 1). The idea that 10% of adult Americans are homosexual arose from these data; the statistic is the average of two numbers, 13% of men and 7% of women, who had more homosexual than heterosexual experiences or psychological responses for at least three years of adulthood (Romesburg, 1998). The statistics related to the practice of homosexual behavior had a worldwide impact. Herzog (2006) states, "the homophile reception—especially in France and West Germany—was thoroughly enthusiastic… in France, where adult homosexuality was legal but nonetheless subject to social sanction, activists effused about Kinsey's contributions" (p. 42).

Also among the sample population, the research revealed that in rural areas, "about 40 to 50% of the males had had at least one sexual encounter with an animal, and 17% had even experienced an orgasm as a result of sexual contact with animals during adolescence" (Beetz, 2005, p. 48). The prevalence among the entire population of American men in the study was closer to 8% (Kinsey, Pomeroy & Martin, 1948, as cited in Beetz, 2005), and the prevalence of sexual contact with animals among women was much lower at 3% (Kinsey et al., 1953, as cited in Beetz, 2005). Given the social stigma of these activities, it is likely that they were underreported to researchers rather than overreported, and many participants indicated that curiosity was their primary motivation rather than sexual attraction (Beetz, 2005).

Numerous challenges to the statistical methods Kinsey employed have been raised in the decades since the first report's publication; however, the report demonstrates that although the exact numbers of people engaging in forms of deviant sexual activity may vary, there were significant numbers of Americans engaging in those acts without physical and societal repercussions. "They were not all going crazy, committing suicide, getting pregnant, or dying of grossly disfiguring sexually transmitted diseases, as the popular sex mythology of the day would have predicted" (Steinberg, 2005, p. 20).

Viewpoints

Continuing Criticism

Herzog (2006) states, "American critics variously attacked Kinsey and his associates for methodological insufficiencies (especially in their statistical sampling techniques) or for moral turpitude (for implying that the lived prevalence of non-normative behaviors also suggests that the norms themselves should be adapted)" (p. 40). Indeed, the issue of statistical sampling was a point of contention for the duration of his research. Attempts were made to encourage him to validate his data with a random sample of individuals, but Kinsey refused "on the grounds that not all of those included in the random sample would answer the questions put to them and that, therefore, the random sample would be biased" (Bullough, 1998, p. 132). The sample population on which Kinsey reported is not random, and among the over-represented groups are Caucasians, students, residents of Indiana, and prisoners incarcerated for sexually deviant behavior (Bullough, 1998).

Bethell (2005) challenges Kinsey's statistics, stating that the report maintained "85 percent of American men had sex before marriage, 70 percent had sex with prostitutes, and 10 percent were exclusively homosexual. His figures were undermined when it was revealed that he had disproportionately interviewed homosexuals and prisoners (many sex offenders)." Furthermore, when he refused to adopt more valid statistical sampling procedures, the CRPS funding through the Rockefeller Foundation was terminated (Bethell, 2005).

A significant incidence of intergenerational sexual behavior (between minor children and adults) was also reported in the study, and this is an area that has remained controversial well after its publication. According to Bullough (1998), "one of his more criticized sections in recent years is the table based on data he gathered from pedophiles. He is accused of not turning these people over to authorities" (p. 131). Further, Kinsey's controversial research demonstrates that many individuals who experienced intergenerational sex as children were not seriously harmed by it (Bullough, 1998). In 1981 questions were raised about how Kinsey and his staff collected data relevant to this area of their study. According to Pool (1996), "Attention was directed to Tables 30–34 of Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which report observations of orgasms in over three-hundred children between the ages of five months and fourteen years" (p. 1). Leadership at the Kinsey Institute confirmed that some of the data were collected from a group of pedophiles whom Kinsey opted not to report to authorities (Pool, 1996).

Kinsey's implication that homosexual behavior was normal and acceptable caused a great deal of debate among homosexual rights activists and those opposed to its decriminalization in both the United States and Europe. Herzog (2006) explains, "conservative opponents of Kinsey on both sides of the Atlantic were hostile to the notion that the prevalence of a particular sexual practice also implied that it was a morally acceptable practice (in other words, that "what is" was also "what ought to be)" (p. 42). Activists, on the other hand, held that what was natural, normal human sexual behavior should be both legally and socially sanctioned (Herzog, 2006). In the end, Kinsey's report brought to light the high incidence of homosexuality and helped to spur the movement toward its legal and social acceptance.

Interest in Alfred Kinsey and his research persists into the present day. Biographies, as well as the popular movie, have helped to keep his name and ideas at the forefront of American culture. The 2004 biography of Kinsey, Alfred C. Kinsey, written by James H. Jones was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and revealed how Kinsey’s childhood played a role in his report (Jones, 2004). The impact of the work remains both controversial and profound. In 2005, the conservative publication Human Events named the Kinsey Report number 4 on its list of "Top Ten Most Harmful Books of the 19th and 20th Centuries" behind such books as The Communist Manifesto, Mein Kampf and Quotations from Chairman Mao, and among others like Das Kapital and The Feminine Mystique. While critics have also called into question the researcher's own sexual proclivities and those of his staff, the fact remains that he removed the taboo from the discussion of sexuality.

Kinsey's reports continue to be cited, and his data continues to be used. This includes his bipolar scale, colloquially called the Kinsey scale. Numerous scales have been created that describe and measure sexual orientation. Most notable are the Kinsey scale variations created by Michael Storms in 1980 and Fritz Klein in 1987. Storms created a chart with an X and Y axis that includes heteroeroticism and homoeroticism (desire or arousal), as well as asexuality (an asexual is someone who does not experience sexual attraction). Klein developed the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid, which takes into account social and emotional orientation in addition to sexual orientation and acknowledges that one’s orientation may change over time.

Among Kinsey’s other achievements was the establishment of a library at Indiana University for the collection of sources related to sexuality that is now among the most impressive collections in the world. The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction at Indiana University is among the leaders in research in the field of human sexuality. In 2022, the Institute celebrated its long-standing commitment to understanding human sexuality and relationships with a 75th anniversary research symposium. In 2023, the Institute remained committed to research and education on human sexuality (Kinsey Institute, 2023). Bullough (1998) concludes, "Kinsey was the major factor in changing attitudes about sex in the twentieth century. His limitations and his personal foibles are appropriately overshadowed by his courage to go where others had not gone before" (p. 132).

Well into the twenty-first century, Kinsey’s work remains crucial in the understanding of human sexuality. Despite what researchers have identified as inherent flaws in his methods and conclusions, the true impact of Kinsey’s work remained in his ability to affect a cultural shift in the way people viewed human sexuality and relationships. The consensus among researchers remains that sexuality exists on a continuum and cannot be defined in a binary way. Kinsey’s impact changed the conversation about human sexuality and opened the door to new and continued research (Putka, 2021).

Terms & Concepts

Bestiality: Bestiality is a term used to describe a sexual act (kissing, petting, intercourse) between a human and an animal.

Bias: A research bias occurs when some members of the overall population are more likely to be included in the research than others. The best way to avoid bias is to use a random sample of the population.

Bipolar Scale: A bipolar rating scale, such as the Kinsey scale, is structured in such a way as to have a transitional midpoint between two extremes. In the case where a preference is indicated, each extreme would indicate a distinct preference, while the midpoint can signify either indifference to both or preference for each. In a bipolar scale, the definition of the midpoint has the potential to impact the meaning of other points as well.

Committee for Research in Problems of Sex (CRPS): The Committee was established in 1922 within the National Research Council's Division of Medical Sciences with the cooperation of the Bureau of Social Hygiene and support from the Rockefeller Foundation. Its central purpose was the investigation of human sexuality in the context of morphology, physiology, and psychology. Due to the support of the committee, a great deal of new data on various aspects of human sexuality was accumulated. The Committee was discharged in 1963.

Homosexual: The term homosexual refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex.

Human Sexuality: Human sexuality refers to the various physical, psychological, intellectual, and emotional ways in which people experience and express themselves as sexual beings, the awareness and expression of themselves as male or female, and the capacity they have for erotic experiences and responses.

Pedophile: The term pedophile refers to a person who either has acted on intense sexual urges toward children or experiences recurrent sexual urges toward and fantasies about children that cause distress or interpersonal difficulty.

Sample/Sampling: For research purposes, a sample is a subset of the population to be studied. Because overall populations are generally too large to study, a sample of the population is used. A random sample, considered the best way to avoid bias, is one in which any individual member of the total population has the same probability of being selected as any other member of the population.

Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. Taxonomies involve the divisions of kinds of things into units, referred to as taxa, which are arranged into a hierarchical structure so that they may be studied.

Bibliography

Beetz, A. (2005). Bestiality and zoophilia: Associations with violence and sex offending. Anthrozoos, (Special Issue), 46–70. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Complete. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=18426121&site=ehost-live

Bethell, T. (2005). Kinsey as pervert. American Spectator, 38, 42–44. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=16495490&site=ehost-live

Bullough, V. (1998). Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey Report: Historical overview and lasting contributions. Journal of Sex Research, 35, 127–131. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=839529&site=ehost-live

Drucker, D. (2012). Marking Sexuality from 0–6: The Kinsey Scale in Online Culture. Sexuality & Culture, 16 , 241–262. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from EBSCO Online Database SocINDEX with Full Text. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=77383655&site=ehost-live

Duberman, M. (1997). Kinsey's urethra. Nation, 265, 40–43. Retrieved August 18, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9710222992&site=ehost-live

Foster, T., & D’Emilio J. (2013). Documenting intimate matters: Primary sources for a history of sexuality in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Herzog, D. (2006). The reception of the Kinsey reports in Europe. Sexuality and Culture, 10, 39–48.

Highlights of Kinsey Research Institute. (2023). Kinsey Institute. Retrieved May 6, 2023, from http://kinseyinstitute.org/research/index.php

Janssen, E., Macapagal, K. R., & Mustanski, B. (2013). Individual differences in the effects of mood on sexuality: The revised mood and sexuality questionnaire (MSQ-R). Journal Of Sex Research, 50, 676–687. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from EBSCO Online Database SocINDEX with Full Text. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=89660453&site=ehost-live

Jones, J. H. (2004). Alfred C Kinsey: a Life. W.W. Norton.

Nash, O. (1964). The Kinsey Report didn't upset me, either. Saturday Evening Post, 237, 8. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=18019858&site=ehost-live

Pool, G. (1996, Sept–Oct). Sex, science, and Kinsey: a conversation with Dr. John Bancroft - head of the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. Humanist. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_n5_v56/ai_18640605/pg_1

Putka, S. (2021, Mar. 18). Is the Kinsey scale of sexual behavior still valid? Discover Magazine. Retrieved May 6, 2023, from http://www.discovermagazine.com/health/is-the-kinsey-scale-of-sexual-behavior-still-valid

Romesburg, D. (1998, June 23). Kinsey reports sex stats. Advocate, , 12. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=741282&site=ehost-live

Steinberg, D. (2005). Origins of the Kinsey Revolution. Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 12, 19–21. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=16248214&site=ehost-live

The ten most harmful books of the 19th and 20th centuries. (2005, May 30). Human Events, 61 , 6–7. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=17296640&site=ehost-live

Suggested Reading

Cloud, J. (2004). Bondage unbound. Time, 163, 104-109. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=11909072&site=ehost-live

Crespi, L., & Stanley Jr., E. (1948). Youth looks at the Kinsey report. Public Opinion Quarterly, 12, 687–696. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database SocINDEX with Full Text: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=11926121&site=ehost-live

Del Tredici, P. (2006). The other Kinsey report. Natural History, 115, 22–25. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=21425954&site=ehost-live

Jones, J. J. (1997). Alfred C. Kinsey: A public/private life. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing Co.

Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. & Martin, C.E. (1998). Sexual behavior in the human male. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Kinsey, A. C., et. al. (1998). Sexual behavior in the human female. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Klein, J. (2004). Living libido aoca: a Kinsey report. Chronicle of Higher Education, 51, B14–B15. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=15257343&site=ehost-live

Palmore, E. (1952). Published reactions to the Kinsey report (book). Social Forces, 31, 165-172. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Education Research Complete: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=13545816&site=ehost-live

Pertot, S. (2006). Sex therapy and the cultural construction of sexuality. Contemporary Sexuality, 40, 9–13. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=20498831&site=ehost-live

Ramsey, G., & Varley, M. (1951). Censorship and the Kinsey report. Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 279–288. Retrieved August 12, 2008 from EBSCO Online Database Education Research Complete: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=16527874&site=ehost-live ..FT-Yarber, W., Sayad, B., & Strong, B. (2013). Human sexuality: Diversity in contemporary America. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.