Hydrid Zones (Botany)
Hybrid zones in botany refer to geographic regions where two or more populations of plants that differ in heritable traits overlap and interbreed, producing viable offspring. These zones typically involve sympatric species, whose ranges overlap, allowing for hybridization, which can occur naturally or through artificial means facilitated by human intervention. In natural settings, hybridization may be restricted by reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent cross-pollination between different species. However, in hybrid zones, these barriers might be incomplete, promoting genetic exchange.
The dynamics within hybrid zones can lead to various evolutionary outcomes. If hybrid offspring are favored by the environment, they may persist and even establish reproductive barriers between themselves and the parental species, potentially leading to the emergence of new species. Examples include Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus, which arose from hybridization and subsequent polyploidy. Additionally, processes like recombination speciation can enhance fertility in hybrids over generations, further facilitating the development of distinct lineages. Hybrid swarms, characterized by a mix of parental forms and various hybrid generations, can also occur through introgression, as seen in Louisiana irises. Overall, hybrid zones are notable for their role in plant evolution and biodiversity.
Hydrid Zones (Botany)
Categories: Ecosystems; genetics; reproduction and life cycles
A hybrid individual is produced from successful matings (cross-pollination) between individuals from different species or between individuals from different populations that differ markedly in one or more heritable traits. The mating process by which hybrid offspring are produced is hybridization. A distinction needs to be made between natural and artificial hybrids. An artificial hybrid typically involves direct human intervention in an effort to obtain plants with agricultural or horticultural properties superior to those of either parent. Natural hybrids do not involve human intervention; they occur naturally.
In many cases hybridization between individuals that belong to different species is prevented by barriers or impediments to cross-pollination, known as reproductive isolating mechanisms. These mechanisms can be either prezygotic, preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, or postzygotic, preventing or greatly reducing gamete exchange after a hybrid zygote has been formed. Hybridization typically occurs between species in which reproductive barriers (such as impediments to cross-pollination between members of different species) are not fully formed or are incomplete.
A hybrid zone is a geographic location in which two or more populations of individuals that differ in one or more heritable traits (either of the same or of different species) overlap, cross-breed, and produce viable and sometimes fertile offspring. The formation of hybrid zones involves sympatric species, that is, species whose geographic ranges overlap. Typically, allopatric species (those whose geographic ranges do not overlap) do not form hybrid zones unless some event, such as wind dispersal of seeds, brings individuals of the two species together.
Hybrid zones can be either continuous zones or a mosaic of scattered groups across a geographic range. They can also differ markedly in size. For example, the common herb Gaillardia pulchella (Asteraceae family) forms narrow hybrid zones in Texas, where transition progeny formed with neighboring Gaillardia species occurs over a few meters. In contrast, individuals found in hybrid zones involving the Bishop pine, Pinus muricata, in California can be several kilometers wide
In many cases hybrid zones are the result of human disturbance of the natural landscape. Such disturbance can lead to unique and novel habitat conditions in which the hybrid species might have a selective advantage over the parental species. One example occurs in Washington and Idaho, where certain hybrid zones are incubators for the speciation of Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus.
Speciation Dynamics of Hybrid Zones
If natural selection eliminates hybrid offspring in the hybrid zone, then the reproductive barriers present in the parental species will be reinforced. If, however, the environment within the hybrid zone allows for persistence and reproduction of hybrid taxa, then these hybrids can persist through time, with several possible results. One result is the eventual establishment of reproductive barriers between the hybrid offspring and the parental species, with the formation of a new species from the hybrid lineage.
In some hybrid zones allopolyploidy can lead to the formation of a sterile hybrid. This occurs when two chromosome sets from different parents are present within one hybrid individual. The sterility is due to irregularities at meiosis, as there is only one chromosome of each type leading to irregular segregation at meiosis. However, if the chromosome set is doubled through autopolyploidy, meiotic regularity is restored because each chromosome then has a homolog, which allows for successful chromosome segregation and gamete formation. Because of the difference in chromosome number between the polyploid hybrid derivative and the parental species, a reproductive barrier is established, and a new species will be established. This is the case with two species of goat’s beard, Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus, from southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. The progenitors of the polyploid T. mirus are the diploid species T. dubius and T. porrifolius, and of the polyploid T. miscellus are T. dubius and the diploid T. pratensis.
Another mechanism responsible for the formation of species within a hybrid zone is recombination speciation. In this process the parental genomes present within the semisterile hybrid offspring undergo rearrangement and recombination events over several generations, eventually producing mixed genomes in hybrid individuals. Over time, fertility is restored in the hybrid individuals, which are then reproductively isolated from the parental species. A prime example of recombination speciation occurs within a group of sunflowers found in the western United States. Helianthus anomalus arose as a consequence of hybridization between two sympatric parental species, H. annuus and H. petiolaris. Because of genome incompatibilities, the immediate hybrid offspring were reproductively isolated from either parental species and were semisterile. The genome arrangements that occurred over time within hybrids and their offspring resulted in increased fertility within the hybrid individual and breeding incompatibility between the hybrids and either parental species.
Introgression and Hybrid Swarms
Introgression occurs when the hybrid offspring engage in backcrossing with either one or both of the parental species. A hybrid swarm is usually a complex mixture of parental forms, F1 hybrids, and backcross individuals. The Louisiana irises provide a striking example of an introgressive swarm. Two parental species, Iris fulva and I. hexagona, have produced numerous hybrid populations in southern Louisiana. The hybrid individuals found in the hybrid zones are not true F1 hybrids but are the progeny resulting from numerous backcrosses to the parental species. A mixture of phenotypes is present in the hybrid swarm, with differing levels of similarity to the parental species among hybrid offspring.
Bibliography
Arnold, M. L. Natural Hybridization and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. An extensive analysis of the role of plant hybridization in the evolutionary process. Includes figures, references, and index.
Briggs, D., and S. M. Walters. Plant Variation and Evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Review of plant reproductive biology, with reference to hybridization in natural populations. Includes figures, tables, references, and index.
Grant, V. The Origin of Adaptations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. Discussion of plant isolating mechanisms and hybridization in natural populations. Includes references, index.
Ridley, M. Evolution. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993. Discussion of hybrid zones with their role in speciation events. Includes figures, tables, references, and index.
Stebbins, G. L., Jr. Variation and Evolution in Plants. New York: Columbia University Press, 1950. The historical standard for discussion of issues of plant evolution, with an extensive review of the role of hybridization in plant evolution. Includes references and index.