Wisconsin (WI).

• Region: Upper Midwest
• Population: 5,892,539 (ranked 20th; 2022 estimate)
• Capital: Madison (pop. 272,903) (2022 estimate)
• Largest city: Milwaukee (pop. 563,305) (2022 estimate)
• Number of counties: 72
• State nickname: Badger State
• State motto: Forward
• State flag: Field of royal blue with state coat of arms, state name in white above, "1848" below

Wisconsin, the "Badger State," entered the Union on May 29, 1848, as the nation's twentieth state. Located in the Upper Midwest, in the Great Lakes Region, Wisconsin is bordered on the north by Lake Superior and on the east by Lake Michigan. Land borders include Illinois on the south, Iowa on the southwest, Minnesota on the west, and Michigan's Upper Peninsula on the north. Wisconsin's reputation for progressive politics is due partly to the state's immigrant heritage, especially immigrants from Germany and Scandinavia. The state is known for its agriculture, and Wisconsin is one of the nation's leaders in the production of dairy products such as milk and cheese. Industry is also important, including mining, papermaking, manufacturing, and brewing. Millions of tourists visit each year to enjoy the state's scenic beauty—especially its lakes, rivers, and forests—as well as urban attractions in cities such as Madison and Milwaukee.

State Name: The name "Wisconsin" is the French spelling of a Chippewa word that has various translations (including "gathering of the waters" or "grassland"). The state has been nicknamed "The Badger State" (and the badger is the state animal) as well as "The Copper State." Another nickname for Wisconsin is "America's Dairyland."

Capital: The capital of Wisconsin is Madison, and the city has held that status since territorial days. The first Territorial Assembly initially met in Belmont for a brief period in 1836, but one of their actions was to choose Madison as the capital.

Flag: Wisconsin's flag has a dark-blue background with the state seal on both sides. The seal, which dates its modern form to 1881, bears numerous symbols of Wisconsin's history and economy. On either side of the seal is a human figure: on the left stands a sailor, while a "yeoman" or miner stands on the right. Between them rests a shield, divided into quarters, each of which bears the symbol of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, or maritime commerce. Above the shield is the badger, the state animal; and above the badger is the state motto, "Forward." Since 1979, the flag has included the word "WISCONSIN" in large white letters above the seal, as well as the date "1848" below the seal, to show the year the state entered the Union.

Wisconsin first adopted a state flag in 1863, during the Civil War, to provide state regiments with an official standard. The modern flag was first established by statute in 1913, and amended in 1979.

Official Symbols

• Flower: Wood violet
• Bird: Robin
• Tree: Sugar maple
• Animal: Badger
• Fish: Muskellunge
• Song: "On, Wisconsin" by J. S. Hubbard, Charles D. Rosa, and William T. Purdy

State and National Historic Sites

• Apostle Islands Lighthouses (La Pointe)
• Astor Fur Warehouse (Prairie du Chien)
• Cushing Memorial Park (Delafield)
• First Capitol (Belmont)
• Hawks Inn (Delafield)
• High Cliff Mounds (Harrison)
• Holy Hill (Washington County)
• John Hustis House (Hustisford)
• Old World Wisconsin (Eagle)
• Pioneer Aztalan Site (Aztalan)
• Wade House (Greenbush)

DEMOGRAPHICS

• Population: 5,892,539 (ranked 20th; 2022 estimate)
• Population density: 74.6/sq mi (2020)
• Urban population: 67.1% (2020 estimate)
• Rural population: 32.9% (2020 estimate)
• Population under 18: 21.1% (2022 estimate)
• Population over 65: 18.7% (2022 estimate)
• White alone: 86.6% (2022)
• Black or African American alone: 6.6% (2022)
• Hispanic or Latino: 7.6% (2022)
• American Indian and Alaska Native alone: 1.2% (2022)
• Asian alone: 3.2% (2022)
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone: 0.1% (2022)
• Two or More Races: 2.2% (2022)
• Per capita income: $36,754 (ranked 21st; 2021 estimate)
• Unemployment: 2.9% (2022)

American Indians: The state takes its name from French corruption of a Chippewa word that has various translations. Before the French arrived in the region in the early seventeenth century, Wisconsin was home to the Dakota (Sioux), Menominee, Potawatomi, and Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) groups. The Chippewa arrived late in the century, along with other groups including the Illinois, Sac (or Sauk), Fox, and Ottawa. During the seventeenth century, despite occasional wars, the French and American Indians developed a profitable trade. Relations also remained generally peaceful with the British, who controlled the region from 1763 until around 1815.

Relations were less friendly with the American settlers who entered Wisconsin in large numbers after the War of 1812. Various treaties forced Wisconsin's American Indians to cede their lands to the United States. These eventually led to the Black Hawk War of 1832, which began in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin. The US Army soon defeated the Sac and Fox under Chief Black Hawk, and forced them into Iowa. Other tribes, such as the Brotherton, Oneida, and Mohican of New York, were removed to Wisconsin in the 1820s. American Indians' status improved in the twentieth century, when the federal government began recognizing the tribes' status as "nations within nations," which had not lost their sovereignty. All American Indians became US citizens in 1924. There were eleven federally recognized tribal nations with reservations in Wisconsin as of 2023.

ENVIRONMENT AND GEOGRAPHY

• Total area: 65,496 sq mi (ranked 23rd)
• Land area: 54,158 sq mi (82.7% of total area)
• Water area: 11,339 sq mi (17.3% of total area)
• National parks: 2
• Highest point: Timms Hill (1,951 feet)
• Lowest point: Lake Michigan (579 feet)
• Highest temperature: 114° F (Wisconsin Dells, July 13, 1936)
• Lowest temperature: -55° F (Couderay, February 2 and 4, 1996)

Topography: Much of Wisconsin is covered by plains, a reminder of the glaciers that once covered the region. This includes the central and southeastern parts of the state, as well as the northern region around Lake Superior. The western and northern parts of the state are covered by uplands. Wisconsin is heavily forested; there are around a dozen state forests and two national forests, though a significant percentage of woodlands are privately owned.

Major Lakes

• Chippewa Lake
• Green Lake
• Lake Geneva
• Lake Michigan
• Lake Superior
• Lake Wazee
• Lake Winnebago
• Lohrville Quarry
• Petenwell Lake
• Poygan Lake

Major Rivers

• Bad River
• Baraboo River
• Black River
• Eau Claire River
• Embarrass River
• Menominee River
• Milwaukee River
• Pike River
• Red River
• St. Croix River
• Sioux River
• Tyler River
• Wisconsin River

State and National Parks: Wisconsin has over one hundred state parks, forests, trails, and other recreational areas; together, these comprise more than 150,000 acres. Visitors enjoy outdoor activities including water sports, snowmobiling, hunting, and fishing. Some parks are historical, such as Aztalan State Park (near Lake Mills) and Copper Culture State Park, which contain the sites of ancient American Indian cultures. There are also two parks that are official units of the National Park Service.

Natural Resources: Wisconsin enjoys major agricultural resources, particularly dairy products such as milk and cheese, but also many field crops. Much of the state is forested, with 47 percent forested as of 2021, providing raw material for Wisconsin's paper industry. The state also has rich mineral resources, including deposits of copper, iron, and zinc. Mining for limestone, sand, and gravel is also conducted.

Plants and Animals: Wisconsin contains many species of wildlife, including large mammals not commonly found elsewhere in the United States. These include the black bear, bobcat, buffalo (American bison), elk, and the wolf. Other large species include the coyote, red and gray foxes, and white-tailed deer. Smaller mammals include the beaver, raccoon, and river otter. Wisconsin is also home to many game birds, such as the wild turkey and several species of grouse.

The state, which possesses more than fifteen thousand lakes, has many wetlands regions, which are home to numerous waterfowl and fish species. Sport fishing is an important part of Wisconsin's economy, bringing in tens of millions of dollars in tax revenue.

Climate: Wisconsin's continental climate experiences very cold winters and warm summers. The state's general flatness allows storms to cross easily, causing the weather to change quickly. Each year, Wisconsin residents face between thirty and forty thunderstorms (depending on which part of the state they live in). The presence of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior helps to moderate the climate and improve the growing season. Wisconsin's rainfall varies by region, with the mountainous areas of the west and east receiving more rain than the central and coastal regions. The statewide average is just over 31 inches per year.

EDUCATION AND CULTURE

Major Colleges and Universities

• Beloit College (Beloit)
• Carroll University (Waukesha)
• Edgewood College (Madison)
• Lakeland University (Sheboygan)
• Lawrence University (Appleton)
• Marquette University (Milwaukee)
• Medical College of Wisconsin (Milwaukee)
• Milwaukee School of Engineering (Milwaukee)
• Mount Mary University (Milwaukee)
• Ripon College (Ripon)
• Silver Lake College (Manitowoc)
• St. Norbert College (De Pere)
• Viterbo University (La Crosse)
• University of Wisconsin (Madison, et al)

Major Museums

• Circus World Museum (Baraboo)
• Experimental Aircraft Association Aviation Museum (Oshkosh)
• Fort Crawford Museum (Prairie du Chien)
• History Museum at the Castle (Appleton)
• Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum (Wausau)
• Milwaukee Art Museum (Milwaukee)
• Milwaukee Public Museum (Milwaukee)
• Paine Art Center and Gardens (Oshkosh)
• Paper Discovery Center, Paper Industry International Hall of Fame (Appleton)
• Stonefield Farm and Craft Museum, State Agricultural Museum (Cassville)
• Wright Museum of Art, Beloit College (Beloit)

Major Libraries

• Colonel Robert H. Morse Library, Beloit College (Beloit)
• Madison Public Library (Madison)
• Milwaukee Public Library (Milwaukee)
• State Historical Society Library (Madison)
• State Law Library (Madison)
• Todd Wehr Memorial Library, Carroll College (Waukesha)
• University of Wisconsin Library (Madison)

Media

Wisconsin, which possesses several large metropolitan areas, has a strong daily press. Major papers include the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, the Racine Journal Times, the Sheboygan Press, and the Wisconsin State Journal (Madison). As befits a heavily agricultural state, there are several farming journals, including the daily Wisconsin Ag Connection (Marshfield) and the weekly Agri-view (Madison).

The state has numerous television and radio stations. Public broadcasting includes PBS Wisconsin and Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR). Wisconsin Radio Network (WRN), a private company, operates over seventy stations in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota.

ECONOMY AND INFRASTRUCTURE

• Gross domestic product (in millions $USD): 401,791.5 (ranked 21st; 2022)
• GDP percent change: 1.7%

Major Industries: Agriculture, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, and tourism are major sectors of the Wisconsin economy. The state is one of the nation's leading producers of milk and butter. Wisconsin is the largest producer of cheese in the United States.

Tourism: The tourist trade is an important part of Wisconsin's economy. Tourism contributes billions of dollars to the state each year, with millions of annual visitors to the state's parks and recreational areas alone. The state's 15,000-plus lakes provide places for boating and fishing. In addition to the various parks, popular tourist destinations include sports and performing arts in metropolitan areas such as Milwaukee.

Energy Production: Wisconsin's major electricity sources are natural gas and coal; in 2022, coal supplied 36 percent of the state's electricity net generation while natural gas provided 37 percent. This was the first year that natural gas surpassed coal. Nuclear power is another important producer of electricity, and the state has one operational nuclear power plant, Point Beach. There is no crude petroleum production in Wisconsin, although there are several secondary oil industry facilities in the state. Hydroelectric power and other renewable energy sources, such as wind power and solar power, have also increased in importance for electricity generation.

Agriculture: Wisconsin is the nation's leader in cheese, and is a top producer of milk and butter. The state is home to more dairy farms than any other state—about six thousand. Top field crops include corn (for silage), oats, hay, potatoes, snap beans, and carrots. Important fruit crops include cranberries, the state fruit. Wisconsin ranked first in the nation in cranberry production in 2022. Raising livestock and poultry is another major agricultural sector. Wisconsin farmers raise beef cattle, hogs and pigs, sheep, and chickens. The state leads the nation in raising mink for fur.

Airports: Wisconsin has several commercial airports. The larger ones include Milwaukee Mitchell International and Austin Straubel International in Green Bay. The state also contains numerous seaplane bases, which support travel on the state's larger lakes.

Seaports: Wisconsin has about a half-dozen significant ports, including Milwaukee, Port Washington, Sheboygan, Kewaunee, Green Bay, and Superior. The Port of Milwaukee, on Lake Michigan, is one of the largest. It connects Wisconsin with the rest of the Great Lakes Region as well as with Atlantic ports (via the St. Lawrence Seaway). The state also operates ferry service for commuter and tourism traffic.

GOVERNMENT

• Governor: Tony Evers (Democrat)
• Present constitution date: 1848
• Electoral votes: 10
• Number of counties: 72
• Violent crime rate: 323.4 (per 100,000 residents)
• Death penalty: No (abolished in 1853)

Constitution: Wisconsin's constitution was adopted in 1848, when the state entered the Union, but has been amended many times since then.

Branches of Government

Executive: Wisconsin's chief executive is the governor, who is elected to a four-year term. Duties include the proposal, vetoing, and passage of legislation; oversight of the state's executive agencies; granting pardons; and serving as commander in chief of the state's military and naval forces. The lieutenant governor, who is elected to a four-year term on the same ticket as the governor, serves as governor in case of the incumbent's death, disability, or removal from office. Other duties include serving as president of the state senate.

The other constitutional officers are the secretary of state, state treasurer, attorney general, and state superintendent of public instruction.

Legislative: The Wisconsin State Legislature has two houses: a thirty-three-member Senate and a ninety-nine-member Assembly. Legislative sessions last two years, without recess; legislators stay in session until the next legislature is sworn in. Senators serve four-year terms, while members of the Assembly serve two-year terms. Every two years, all the Assembly members and about half the senators stand for election. The Assembly's presiding officer is the speaker. The Senate president is elected from the Senate membership.

Judicial: The state has a unified court system. The seven-member Supreme Court, the state's highest court, is the court of last resort and also hears cases of constitutional law. Membership includes seven justices, who are elected to ten-year terms. The chief justice is the member with the most seniority. Other courts include a Court of Appeals and the Circuit Courts.

HISTORY

1634 French explorer Jean Nicolet travels from "New France" (now eastern Canada) to Green Bay, becoming the first European man to explore present-day Wisconsin.

1650s Beginning in 1654, the French fur trader Medard Chouart, Sieur de Groseilliers, explores extensively in Wisconsin.

1660 De Groseilliers establishes a trading post and mission church near modern Ashland and Washburn. This is probably the first White settlement in the region.

1667 Nicolas Perrot establishes an important fur-trading post at Green Bay.

1673 Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet travel from New France to Green Bay, before traveling further south. On this journey, they discover the upper waters of the Mississippi River.

1679René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, explores Wisconsin as part of his maritime expedition on the Great Lakes.

1680s France extends its influence throughout the Wisconsin territory by establishing forts and trading posts. In 1684, La Durantaye establishes the first post at Green Bay. In 1686, Perrot formally claims the region for his nation.

1763 The Treaty of Paris cedes to Britain all French territories east of the Mississippi. This includes present-day Wisconsin.

1774 Britain passes the Quebec Act to regulate and establish the boundaries of that province. This legislation makes Wisconsin a part of Quebec.

1775-83 The American Revolution. Wisconsin tribes fight on both sides of the conflict between Britain and the American colonists. Britain cedes the region to the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ends the war.

1800 Congress establishes the Territory of Indiana, which includes present-day Wisconsin.

1804 The Fox and Sauk tribes cede their lands in southern Wisconsin to the United States through a treaty brokered by Indiana's Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison.

1809 The Territory of Illinois (including Wisconsin) is created out of the Indiana Territory.

1812–15 War of 1812. The British seize control of Wisconsin for much of the war, returning the territory to American control in 1815, following the Treaty of Ghent. In 1814, for example, the British seize Fort Shelby (built earlier that year), which had been the first US military base in present-day Wisconsin.

1816 The US Army builds Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien, on the site of the former Fort Shelby. That same year, Fort Howard is constructed at Green Bay.

1820s The federal government relocates American Indian tribes from New York to Wisconsin. These include the Brotherton, Oneida, and Mohican.

1828 The US Army builds Fort Winnebago at Portage.

1836 The Wisconsin Territory is established by Congress. Delegates meet in the community of Belmont to set up a territorial government. Madison is selected as the site of Wisconsin's permanent capital.

1842 John Hustis establishes the first "legitimate" theater in Milwaukee.

1845 A colony of Swiss settlers is established at New Glarus.

1846 Madison is incorporated as a village, while Milwaukee is chartered as a city.

1848 Wisconsin enters the Union on May 29 as the thirtieth state. That same year, the University of Wisconsin at Madison is founded.

1840s–1850s Milwaukee becomes a predominantly German city, and one of the centers of German American life.

1851 The state's first railroad is completed, from Milwaukee to Waukesha. By the mid-1850s, there are several lines running, especially in the southern part of the state.

1854 The railroad reaches Madison.

1861–65 The Civil War. More than 91,000 men serve in the Union forces during the war, of whom more than 10,000 are killed. Camp Randall, a training camp, is built in Madison on the site of the State Fairgrounds.

1866 Under the terms of the Morrill Act, Wisconsin establishes a State College of Agriculture as a "land-grant" school.

1871 A massive fire, brought on by extensive drought, burns through the logging town of Peshtigo and kills more than 250 people.

1873 The Winnebago Indians are forced by the federal government to move to Nebraska.

1875 Wisconsin women gain a measure of suffrage when they receive the right to vote in school elections.

1880 Marquette College, named in honor of the seventeenth-century French explorer, is established in Milwaukee. The Jesuit-run institution is later renamed Marquette University.

1883 The state establishes an Agricultural Experiment Station at Madison. This works in conjunction with the State College of Agriculture.

1904–05 The University of Wisconsin–Madison establishes graduate programs.

1905 Governor Robert La Follette Sr., a Republican, is elected to the US Senate. Known as "Fighting Bob," he serves until 1925 and gives strong support for progressive causes such as business regulation.

1909 Senator La Follette establishes a political periodical known as La Follette's Weekly Magazine. His wife, Belle, writes for the magazine.

1910 Victor Berger is elected to Congress as its first Socialist member.

1914–18World War I. Between 1917 and 1918, Wisconsin raises 120,000 men to serve in the Armed Forces. Senator Robert M. La Follette Sr. garners much criticism for his antiwar sentiments.

1918 The state begins numbering and classifying its roads. This leads to national adoption of a similar system.

1919 Congress passes the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic drinks. This move hurts Milwaukee's prosperous brewing industry.

1925 The Wisconsin State Legislature passes a number of progressive measures, including constitutional amendments on child labor and the recall of elected officials.

1929La Follette's Weekly Magazine changes its name to The Progressive.

1931 Laborers gain additional rights in disputes with management, thanks to the legislature's passage of a labor code. Wisconsin is the first state in the Union to establish such laws.

1933 Congress passes the Twenty-First Amendment, repealing Prohibition.

1933–41 President Franklin Roosevelt's Administration establishes the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA) as jobs programs, to help end the Depression. Both organizations send crews to Wisconsin to help build up the state park system.

1941–45World War II. Wisconsin agriculture and industry provides crucial support to the Allied war effort. Submarines are built at Manitowoc.

1950–54 Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican, makes national news by asserting that the US government is infiltrated by communists, and that federal authorities are not doing enough to stop this. Opponents label his high-profile investigations against alleged communists as "McCarthyism."

1969 Israeli prime minister Golda Meir, who immigrated to Milwaukee from Ukraine as a small child, returns to the city for a visit. The school she attended is renamed in her honor.

1971 The state reorganizes its institutions of higher education, creating the University of Wisconsin System.

1986 Republican Tommy Thompson is elected governor.

1994 Wisconsin passes welfare-reform legislation, with the support of Governor Thompson.

1996 The US Congress passes welfare-reform legislation based on the program in Wisconsin.

1998 Wisconsin Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner Jr., a millionaire and one of the wealthiest members of Congress, wins $250,000 in the DC lottery.

2001 Governor Tommy Thompson is appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as head of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

2011 A major winter storm dumps nearly 24 inches of snow across Wisconsin in early February, with Racine and Kenosha being the hardest hit. Governor Scott Walker declares a state of emergency across the state.

2015 Between April and August, several farms are placed under quarantine and a state of emergency is issued because of an outbreak of a strain of the bird flu in Wisconsin, which is deadly to poultry and can be passed to humans.

2016 After leaning Democratic in presidential elections since the late 1980s, Wisconsin narrowly swings to the Republican side in the 2016 election, helping Donald Trump controversially win the presidency despite losing the popular vote. Green Party candidate Jill Stein later files for a recount in the state.

2019 A large public event, organized by a specially designated commission, is held to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of Wisconsin becoming one of the first states to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote.

2020 Wisconsin, chosen as the site of the 2020 Democratic National Convention in 2019, has to cancel the in-person event due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

FAMOUS PEOPLE

Don Ameche, 1908–93 (Kenosha) , Actor.

Les Aspin, 1938–95 (Milwaukee) , Congressman; US secretary of defense; Foreign-policy scholar.

David A. Clarke, 1956– (Milwaukee) , Politician, law enforcement executive.

Ellen Corby, 1913–99 (Racine) , Actor.

Tyne Daly, 1946– (Madison) , Actor.

Ada Deer, 1935–2023 (Keshena) , Native American activist; politician; educator.

August Derleth, 1909–71 (Sauk City) , Author.

Russell D. Feingold, 1953– (Janesville) , US senator.

Heather Graham, 1970– (Milwaukee) , Actor.

Al Jarreau, 1940–2017 (Milwaukee) , Singer-songwriter.

Colin Kaepernick, 1987– (Milwaukee) , Football player; activist.

George F. Kennan, 1904–2005 (Milwaukee) , Diplomat; author.

Robert M. La Follette, Jr., 1895–1953 (Madison) , US senator.

Robert M. La Follette, Sr., 1855–1925 (Primrose) , Governor; US senator; publisher.

Liberace [Wladziu Valentino Liberace], 1919–87 (West Allis) , Entertainer.

Frederic March, 1897–1975 (Racine) , Actor.

Joseph R. McCarthy, 1908–57 (Grand Chute) , US senator.

Gwen Moore, 1951– (Racine) , Politician.

Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887–1986 (Sun Prairie) , Artist.

Les Paul, 1915–2009 (Waukesha) , Guitarist; inventor.

Charlotte Rae, 1926–2018 (Milwaukee) , Actor.

William H. Rehnquist, 1924–2005 (Milwaukee) , US Supreme Court chief justice.

Tom Snyder, 1936–2007 (Milwaukee) , TV broadcaster and personality.

Speech [Todd Thomas], 1968– (Milwaukee) , Musician.

Lena C. Taylor, 1966– (Milwaukee) , Politician.

Spencer Tracy, 1900–67 (Milwaukee) , Actor.

Frederick Jackson Turner, 1861–1932 (Portage) , Historian.

Charles R. Van Hise, 1857–1918 (Fulton) , Geologist; college professor.

Thorstein Veblen, 1857–1929 (Cato) , Economist; social reformer.

Orson Welles, 1916–85 (Kenosha) , Actor; writer; producer; director.

Laura Ingalls Wilder, 1867–1957 (Pepin) , Author.

Thornton Wilder, 1897–1975 (Madison) , Author.

Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867–1959 (Richland Center) , Architect.

TRIVIA

• The state song, "On, Wisconsin," was originally written (in 1909) for the University of Wisconsin football team. It was officially adopted in 1959 as the state song, with different lyrics.
• Wisconsin gained its name "the Badger State" from nineteenth-century miners' habit of living in their mines.
• The TV comedy Happy Days, which aired 1974–84, followed the adventures of teenager Richie Cunningham (Ron Howard) and his friends in 1950s Milwaukee.
• Milwaukee, with its strongly German American population, was once known as the "German Athens.”
• Wisconsin cheesemakers turn 90 percent of the state's milk into more than six hundred varieties of cheese.
• Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Wisconsin State Fair was canceled in 2020; this was the first time that had happened in seventy-five years.

Bibliography

Buhle, Mari Jo. "Women and Power in the Wisconsin Uprising." Dissent, vol. 60, no. 1, 2013, pp. 70–73.

"Economic Profile for Wisconsin." Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Department of Commerce, 31 Mar. 2023, apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/. Accessed 12 Sept. 2023.

Janik, Erika. A Short History of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Historical Society, 2010.

Kallen, H. M. "Politics, Profits, and Patriotism in Wisconsin." Nation, vol. 106, no. 2749, 1918, pp. 257–59.

Nichols, John. "Wisconsin’s Recall." Nation, vol. 294, no. 23, 2012, pp. 4–6.

"Unemployment Rates for States, 2022 Annual Averages." Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1 Mar. 2023, www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk22.htm. Accessed 12 Sept. 2023.

"Wisconsin." Quick Facts, US Census Bureau, 1 July 2022, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/WI/PST045222. Accessed 12 Sept. 2023.

"Wisconsin: 2020 Census." US Census Bureau, 25 Aug. 2021, www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/west-virginia-population-change-between-census-decade.html. Accessed 10 Oct. 2022.

"Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics." Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, State of Wisconsin, 8 May 2023, datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Publications/WIAgStatistics.aspx. Accessed 12 Sept. 2023.

"Wisconsin State Profile and Energy Estimates." US Energy Information Administration, 17 Aug. 2023, www.eia.gov/state/?sid=WI. Accessed 12 Sept. 2023.

Eric Badertscher