Gateway Drugs

Also known as: Gateway hypothesis; gateway theory

Definition: Gateway drugs, especially marijuana but also tobacco and alcohol, are drugs thought to lead to the use of other (typically illegal) drugs. The drugs used initially are considered less harmful. The gateway is considered a “tunnel” that leads directly from simple drug use to hard drug use. Another view considers the gateway as a “funnel” that allows some people to move more easily to hard drugs. The term gateway drugs is thought to have been coined by Robert DuPont, the first director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). There is debate as to whether so-called gateway drugs actually lead to the use of more harmful drugs of abuse.

Status: Tobacco and alcohol are legal in the United States; marijuana is illegal under US federal law, though some states have legalized medical marijuana use and/or legalized or decriminalized recreational use. Gateway drugs are governed by certain regulations covering sales, conditions of use, and the minimum age for buying and using.

Classification: Marijuana is a schedule I narcotic; tobacco and alcohol are uncontrolled substances

Source: Tobacco comes from leaves of seventy different species of the Nicotiana plant; consumable alcohol is known as ethanol; marijuana comes from the hemp plantCannabis sativa

Transmission route: Tobacco is smoked, chewed, snuffed, and dipped; alcohol is ingested; marijuana is smoked and ingested

History of Use

Chemicals derived from Nicotiana plants were used for medicinal purposes in the sixteenth century. Cigarettes were first made in the 1830s and were popular in the United States by the 1860s. By the 1950s studies showed that tobacco was hazardous to one’s health and, in 1965, cigarette advertising in the United States had to include a warning of tobacco’s health hazards.

Alcohol, specifically wine, was used as early as 5000 BCE. Alcohol use became rampant and problematic in the United States before 1920, leading to Prohibition. With Prohibition came moonshine, speakeasies, and even more problems, leading to the law’s repeal in 1933. Alcohol sales and use were again legal in the United States.

Marijuana, which is often referred to as cannabis or THC (delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, its main chemical ingredient), was used for medicinal purposes as early as 3000 BCE and as an intoxicant by 1000 BCE. Marijuana use was illegal in the United States by 1920. It is now legal in certain US states for medicinal purposes and even recreational use, while other states have decriminalized marijuana possession.

One study (2001) found that the progression from alcohol and tobacco use to marijuana and harder drugs was first seen in the United States in people born after World War II, that it peaked in the baby boomers born in the early 1960s, and that it has since shown a decline, indicating less of a gateway effect than in the past. Studies do indicate, however, that the younger a person begins smoking or drinking, the more likely he or she will progress to hard drugs. It is also commonly argued that as a user builds up a tolerance to the effects of tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana, they may become more likely to pursue other means of achieving the pleasurable effects associated with drug use, leading to an increased likelihood of experimenting with harder drugs. However, many researchers cite studies that suggest there is no proven evidence of a regular gateway effect, particularly with marijuana.

Another form of the gateway drug theory expresses concern that electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) could lead to use of regular tobacco products. Antismoking advocates particularly target e-cigarette or vape marketing aimed at young audiences, such as candy-flavored formulas, that they argue could lead young people to become addicted to nicotine and eventually begin using cigarettes. NIDA reported in June 2018 that several research studies supported the hypothesis that teen e-cigarette use was a gateway to teen smoking, with one study finding that high school students who used e-cigarettes within the past month were approximately seven times more likely to report smoking cigarettes some six months later. Proponents of e-cigarettes counter that such products may be safer than traditional tobacco products and may even help regular tobacco smokers quit—essentially the opposite of the gateway effect. However, e-cigarette juice often contains chemicals that are known to cause cancer and are related to other health problems such as asthma.

Effects and Potential Risks

Smoking causes dry mouth and thirst, after an initial increase in salivation. A sore throat and cough often follows dry mouth. Shortly after beginning the use of tobacco, the body will start to have problems with red-blood-cell production, which is often accompanied by cardiac arrhythmias. Long-term effects of smoking include cardiac problems, stroke, and lung problems, including cancer. According to most research, smoking, over time, affects almost every system in the body.

Alcohol is a sedative and a psychoactive drug, and it affects cells in the cerebral cortex, leading to disinhibition. As such, it tends to impair judgment. Driving under the influence of alcohol (above the legal limit) is illegal, and it is responsible for thousands of motor vehicle accidents and vehicle-related deaths in the United States each year. Long-term alcohol use can lead to liver and pancreatic problems, to cancer of the throat and esophagus, and to brain damage, such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Short-term effects of marijuana use can include disorders of perception, learning, memory, cognition, and coordination, and to symptoms of anxiety. While long-term effects of marijuana are unclear, it is thought that the drug may affect the immune system and the respiratory system, and that it can cause some forms of cancer.

Bibliography

Arkowitz, Hal, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. "Experts Tell the Truth About Pot." Scientific American. Scientific American, 1 Mar. 2012. Web 29 Oct. 2015.

DuPont, Robert L. Getting Tough on Gateway Drugs: A Guide for the Family. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1984. Print.

Golub, Andrew, and Bruce D. Johnson. “Variation in Youthful Risks of Progression from Alcohol and Tobacco to Marijuana and Hard Drugs across Generations.” American Journal of Public Health 91 (2001): 225–32. Print.

"Is Marijuana a Gateway Drug?" National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH, Sept. 2015. Web 29 Oct. 2015.

Jorgensen, Cody, and Jessica Wells. "Is Marijuana Really a Gateway Drug? A Nationally Representative Test of the Marijuana Gateway Hypothesis Using a Propensity Score Matching Design." Journal of Experimental Criminology, vol. 18, 2022, pp. 497-514, DOI: 10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z. Accessed 1 Dec. 2022.

Kandel, Denise B. Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis. New York: Cambridge UP, 2002.

NIDA. “Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes).” National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6 June 2018, www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/electronic-cigarettes-e-cigarettes. Accessed 11 Feb. 2019.

"Vaping (E-Cigarettes)." Cleveland Clinic, 22 Aug. 2022, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21162-vaping. Accessed 1 Dec. 2022.