Passports in the United States

DEFINITION: Government-issued identification documents carried by international travelers that verify their bearers’ nationalities and identities

SIGNIFICANCE:Throughout much of human history, passports were special documents that were issued by important people to allow merchants and diplomats to move about. Over time, the issuing of passports became a government tool for limiting the ability of citizens to leave their own countries. As pleasure travel increased during the nineteenth century, passports were devised to allow masses of people to move more easily among countries.

Derived from the French words passer, meaning “to pass,” and port, for “port,” passports are documents that date back to at least 1500 BCE, when ancient Egyptian commoners were required to register themselves with the government. By the time of the Middle Ages, European countries were issuing passports to their citizens to permit them to travel within the countries. At night, gated towns would typically only allow entry to travelers carrying documents attesting to their peaceful intentions. These documents also protected the travelers themselves from harm by conveying discreet threats of reprisals should anything happen to their bearers. Passports of that era were handwritten documents issued by powerful members of the nobility whose names carried weight. After that time, passports continued to be uncommon and privately issued documents until the nineteenth century.

Overview

The first US passports were issued to American travelers in Paris and London during the 1780s. Those one-page documents provided descriptions of their holders and stated the duration of the documents’ validity, which was usually three or six months. American travelers could also obtain passports for foreign travel from the cities and states in which they were residents. Foreigners planning to visit the United States during the nineteenth century had various ways of obtaining passports. Some governments refused to allow male citizens of military age and those with valuable skills to leave their countries. However, almost any person could walk into a French or Belgian consulate and obtain a passport for travel, as French or Belgian citizenship was not required. This system ended in 1858 when an Italian who fraudulently obtained a French passport by claiming to be British attempted to assassinate the emperor of France. After that date, no nation would issue a passport identifying its holder as a national of another country. This change began the gradual process of formalizing the issuing of passports.

Meanwhile, until 1856, many US cities continued to issue passports to their own citizens who wished to travel abroad. By this time, the US Department of State had become concerned about this practice. Because of the slackness with which passports were being issued, European nations often refused to recognize them unless they were endorsed by local consular officials. In 1856, the US Congress gave the Department of State sole authority to issue passports. Government officials who issued American passports to noncitizens could be fined or fired.

Around that same time, Asian governments had little interest in encouraging their citizens to travel overseas. In systems designed to control commoners for the economic benefit of the ruling class, both China and Japan required would-be travelers to obtain permission from their local lords to move. During the late nineteenth century, as China and Japan began issuing passports, they required travelers to enter their intended plans on the documents.

The British government took a casual attitude toward passports during the nineteenth century. Whereas the passports of most countries required descriptions of their bearers, British passports bore no descriptions at all until the early twentieth century, when they began listing their bearers’ ages and occupations. The British attitude was that British subjects should be able to travel everywhere freely.

National Security Concerns

The attitude of the US government toward passports through the nineteenth century was similar to that of the British government. One State Department official even publicly declared that the US government did not impose any law or regulation upon those entering its territory. The onset of World War I in 1917 forced nations to pay closer attention to who was crossing their borders. After Great Britain executed a German spy who had used a British passport while engaged in wartime espionage in 1914, US Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan ordered that all American passports bear photographs of their bearers. Officials suggested that travelers pose for their passport photographs in regular street clothes instead of the formal wear often worn while posing for studio photographers and that hats should not be worn unless they were part of daily religious attire.

In 1918, Congress passed legislation requiring that Americans traveling abroad carry passports and that foreign nationals seeking to enter the United States obtain visas. In 1926, the federal government established a standard design for passports: a stiff, dark red cover enclosing a booklet. That design became the worldwide standard. Color photographs were first used in passports in 1958.

As the reality of war had forced the United States to require passports, the reality of international terrorism forced the country to pay more attention to worldwide passport security. After the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, the federal government’s 9/11 Commission identified flaws in US immigration law that had allowed terrorists to enter the United States. In response, the National Counterterrorism Center developed a strategy to make it harder for terrorists to enter, exit, and travel within the United States. A major part of this strategy has been a tightening of procedures used for issuing and inspecting passports.

The Bureau of Diplomatic Security has implemented the post–9/11 strategy by analyzing the methods of travel used by terrorists, assisting foreign countries in maintaining passport security, and inspecting passport applications. In 2006, the bureau broke up a ring of vendors that had provided fraudulent Indonesian passports to the terrorist group called Jamal Islamyia. Those passports could have been used to enter the United States.

In 2008, the US government created the passport card, an alternative to a passport book that allows reentry into the US from limited locations, including Canada and Mexico, through land and sea travel. But, passport cards cannot be used for international air travel. In 2016, computer-readable chips were added to the design of new passports. Each chip contains the owner's biometric data and works to increase security and lower the risk of fraud. In 2018, new requirements based on the 2005 REAL ID Act were put into place regarding the type of ID needed to travel by air, both domestically and internationally. The requirements were set to take effect in 2025. Since not all state-issued IDs comply with the updated regulations, a passport or passport card could be needed to fly domestically.

The number of passport books and passport cards issued to American citizens continued to increase each year throughout the twenty-first century. In 2021, the State Department began issuing Next Generation Passports. This version included new security features such as a polycarbonate data page and laser-engraved personalization.

Bibliography

"A Not-So-Brief History of the United States Passport." Indiana State Library, 5 Sept. 2024, blog.library.in.gov/a-not-so-brief-history-of-the-united-states-passport/. Accessed 17 Oct. 2024.

Bauman, Robert E. The Complete Guide to Offshore Residency, Dual Citizenship and Second Passports. Sovereign Society, 2000.

Caplan, Jane, and John Torpey, editors. Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World. Princeton University Press, 2001.

“How a Passport Can Help You Fly Domestically.” Bureau of Consular Affairs, US Dept. of State, 2024, travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/passports/how-a-passport-can-help-you-fly-domestically.html. Accessed 17 Oct. 2024.

Lloyd, Martin. The Passport: The History of Man’s Most Travelled Document. Sutton, 2003.

“Next Generation Passport.” Bureau of Consular Affairs, US Dept. of State, 12 Feb. 2024, travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/passport-help/next-generation-passport.html. Accessed 17 Oct. 2024.

“Reports and Statistics.” Bureau of Consular Affairs, US Dept. of State, 9 Oct. 2024, travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/about-us/reports-and-statistics.html. Accessed 17 Oct. 2024.

Torpey, John. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

U.S. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Visa and Passport Security Strategic Plan. US Dept. of State, 2006.