Model Ships

History

A scaled model of a ship with intricate deck details and authentic features such as masts or gun turrets is both a work of art and an engineering feat. While they have roots in the design process of actual vessels, ship models have become a popular hobby for both constructors and collectors. Because of the fragility of most model ships, many never set sail, but remain dry-docked for life where they are studied and admired. Model ship builders often take up the hobby for the challenge of replicating historical ships such as the Titanic, or the USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides"). Some hobbyists do build model yachts, warships, and other designs for functional purposes such as racing or wargaming, often eith radio control (RC). Model ship enthusiasts may also be interested in model cars, model aircraft, model farm equipment, and model railroads.

Model ships have played a useful role throughout history. Egyptian funerary boat models were placed in tombs where they were believed to carry a soul into the afterlife. Early Christians left model ships on church altars in either gratitude for successful rescues or to be blessed for an upcoming journey.

In the mid-seventeenth century, the British Admiralty imposed a new policy on all Naval shipbuilders that required a model before a new ship would be approved. Other models were built to commemorate individual leaders or journeys. Although some of these models were not scaled precisely, they have provided invaluable historical details about shipbuilding, often in lieu of drawings that were never made or had been destroyed.

Among the more unusual model ships are those built by French prisoners during the Anglo-French wars. The prisoners used bone left over from food rations and human hair for rigging. Many of these especially fragile models have been preserved in European museums.

Sailors were known to whittle small ships to pass the time. One such model ended up in a bottle, perhaps as a safe and secure resting place until the sailor returned to shore, and so began the tradition of the ship-in-a-bottle.

The commercial business of modeling began in the eighteenth century, although it would be another century before the formation of the model kit industry.

The hobby of model shipbuilding increased in popularity during the early twentieth century as companies supplied hobby stores with an enticing selection of tall ships, warships, yachts, Viking longships, trawlers, submarines, and many other models. Inexpensive plastic kits grew in popularity after World War II. Model ships may last hundreds of years, while the average lifespan of a ship is only thirty years or so.

Kit Sizes

Kits range in scale from 1:6000 to 1:30. Larger scales may be used in some high-quality wooden replicas. A scale of 1:720 means that one measurement, usually ¼ inch, equals 720 of the same measurement on the full-size ship. If a scale is not provided, the model does not attempt to duplicate the authenticity of the original ship. Just as important as the scale is the total length of the model.

Many mass-produced kits today include parts that are not authentic, but look good or serve a practical purpose. If authenticity is important, a modeler can either substitute materials or select a different model.

The choice between plastic, metal, and wood will affect the type of ship desired, the authenticity, and the budget, but experts stress that a beginner should start with the type of material that reflects their long-term goals. If one desires to craft wooden tall ships, then one should begin with a wooden model.

If interested in radio-controlled models, one should look for a kit that specifies it can be modified or is intended for RC operation.

When selecting a wooden kit, one should be aware that solid hulls will require gouging and are more vulnerable to cracking, while models that require planking tend to be more difficult to make, but last longer and tend to be more authentic.

Techniques

Begin with a kit suitable for a novice. Gather together all supplies as recommended by the manufacturer. Check to make sure that all parts are provided. Then, study the plans, read the instructions, and become familiar with symbols or abbreviations. Children should be supervised when constructing model ships.

Work at a table or workbench that will not be disturbed. Protect the surface, if necessary. Work in a well-ventilated area. Never spray paint around an open flame. Wear a mask when sanding plastic, resin, paint, and glue. Tack instructions to a wall or bulletin board located near the workstation. Consider making backup copies before starting a project.

To avoid damaging pieces, cut them from the wooden or plastic tree with a knife or a pair of scissors, rather than breaking them off. Before gluing parts together, assemble the major components without glue to make sure that everything fits well. Sand, clean and prime or undercoat the surface prior to painting the model.

Work carefully, and correct mistakes as necessary. Keep your workspace organized, and immediately clean up any spills or messes in order to prevent them from damaging the completed model. Allow all pieces to dry thoroughly.

When completed, wooden models should be kept at low humidity and with little variation in the temperature. Model ships for display should be protected from dust, dirt, and accidents. Those intended for use in the water should be cleaned and maintained as necessary.

Trends

Interest in model shipbuilding has been particularly strong among baby boomers, and the market has shifted toward more complex and expensive kits, although simple versions for younger builders still exist. The most popular selections include war ships, replicas of famous ships, and remote-controlled vessels of all types. Improved manufacturing technology has allowed for extremely realistic parts and materials; many serious constructors purchase aftermarket parts to improve the appearance of basic model kits. These often use photoetching, special paint, or decals for an authentic appearance.

Internet commerce has also boosted the market for ship models and related goods. Online auction sites such as eBay have become popular places to buy and sell discontinued kits or unfinished models. Enthusiasts can discuss their work on internet forums and social media.

Model Ships for Fun vs. Profit

A high percentage of model ship builders are retired, and younger craftspeople are needed to fill their shoes. A skilled modeler can find employment in the industry or work freelance to build ships for corporations, Navy personnel, museums, nautical shops, gift shops, and many other outlets. Model Ship Masters also work as conservators and restorers. Racing competitions may provide additional earnings. Teaching and promotion of the hobby are other sources for income.

Learning More

Organizations

Scale Ship Modelers Association of North America: https://www.ssmana.org/

Nautical Research Guild: https://www.thenrg.org/

American Model Yachting Association https://www.theamya.org/

Books

Ashey, Mike. Basics of Ship Modeling: The Illustrated Guide. Kalmbach, 2000.

Davis, Charles. Ship Models: How to Build Them. Dover, 1986.

De Lesseps, M. Pond Yachts: How to Build and Sail Them. Two Bytes Pub., 2000.

Hubbard, Donald. Ships-in Bottles: A Step-by-Step Guide to a Venerable Nautical Craft. McGraw-Hill, 1971.

Leaf, Edwin B. Ship Modeling from Scratch: Tips and Techniques for Building Without Kits. International Marine Publishing, 1993.

Mastini, Frank. Ship Modeling Simplified: Tips and Techniques for Model Construction from Kits. International Marine Publishing, 1990.

Zu Mondfeld, Wolfram. Historic Ship Models. Sterling Publishing, 2005.