New Hampshire (NH).

• Region: New England coast
• Population: 1,395,231 (ranked 41st; 2022 estimate)
• Capital: Concord (pop. 44,503) (2022 estimate)
• Largest city: Manchester (pop. 115,141) (2022 estimate)
• Number of counties: 10
• State nickname: Granite State
• State motto: Live Free or Die
• State flag: Blue field with state seal bordered with laurel leaves and stars

One of the smallest states in New England, New Hampshire was one of the original thirteen colonies and became the ninth state admitted to the Union on June 21, 1788. Situated in the northeastern United States and bordered by Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, and the Canadian province of Quebec, New Hampshire is home to the White Mountains, the highest mountain range in the region. Every four years, the state holds the nation’s first presidential primary election. Despite the fact that it is one of the most industrialized states, New Hampshire has managed to retain much of its rural charm and natural beauty and is a popular destination for tourists traveling in the northeast.

State Name: New Hampshire was so named in 1629 by Captain John Mason, a merchant and native of the English county of Hampshire who had been given title to a royal province between the Merrimack and Piscataqua Rivers. The area’s extensive underground deposits of granite earned New Hampshire its nickname, the Granite State.

Capital:Concord, located on the Merrimack River in southcentral New Hampshire, has been the state’s capital since 1808. The area was first settled in 1659, and Concord, originally named Rumford, was actually part of Massachusetts before being reincorporated in 1765. Over the years, several other cities have acted as the state capital, including Portsmouth (1679–1774) and Exeter (1775–81).

Flag: The flag of New Hampshire was adopted in 1909 and bears the state seal on a blue field. The seal depicts the frigate Raleigh, which was built in Portsmouth and was used during the Revolutionary War. The seal also features a granite boulder and the words “Seal of the State of New Hampshire, 1776.” The image of the seal is bordered by a wreath of laurel leaves and nine stars, signifying that New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify the US Constitution. New Hampshire’s motto, “Live Free or Die,” does not appear on the state flag or seal.

Official Symbols

• Flower: Purple lilac
• Bird: Purple finch
• Tree: White birch
• Animal: White-tailed deer
• Fish: Brook trout
• Song: “Old New Hampshire” by Dr. John F. Holmes and Maurice Hoffmann

State and National Historic Sites

• Bedell Bridge State Historic Site (Haverhill)
• Daniel Webster Birthplace State Historic Site (Franklin)
• Endicott Rock Historic Site (Derry)
• Fort Constitution State Historic Site (New Castle)
• Fort Stark State Historic Site (New Castle)
• Franklin Pierce Homestead Historic Site (Hillsboro)
• Governor Wentworth State Historic Site (Wolfeboro)
• Hannah Duston Memorial Historic Site (Boscawen)
• John Wingate Weeks Estate (Lancaster)
• Nansen Ski Jump Historic Site (Milan)
• Robert Frost Farm State Historic Site (Derry)
• Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site (Cornish)
• Taylor Mill Historic Site (Derry)
• Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion (Portsmouth)
• White Island Historic Site (Rye)

State-Specific Holidays

• Civil Rights Day, Third Monday in January, combined with Martin Luther King Jr. Day

DEMOGRAPHICS

• Population: 1,395,231 (ranked 41st; 2022 estimate)
• Population density: 153.8/sq mi (2020 estimate)
• Urban population: 58.3% (2020 estimate)
• Rural population: 41.7% (2020 estimate)
• Population under 18: 18.1% (2022 estimate)
• Population over 65: 20.2% (2022 estimate)
• White alone: 92.6% (2022 estimate)
• Black or African American alone: 2.0% (2022 estimate)
• Hispanic or Latino: 4.6% (2022 estimate)
• American Indian and Alaska Native alone: 0.3% (2022 estimate)
• Asian alone: 3.2% (2022 estimate)
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone: 0.1% (2022 estimate)
• Two or More Races: 1.9% (2022 estimate)
• Per capita income: $$43,877 (ranked 5th; 2021 estimate)
• Unemployment: 2.5% (2022 estimate)

American Indians: When English settlers first arrived in the New Hampshire region in 1623, they encountered the Algonquian tribes of the Nashaway, Piscataqua, and Squamscot peoples along the territory’s coastline. The Amoskeags, Pennacooks, Winnipesaukees, Pequackets, and Sokoki dominated the northern part of the region. At that time, New Hampshire’s American Indian population stood at approximately 12,000, but a century later, foreign disease and the hostility of both the English and enemy tribes had thinned that number dramatically. By 1725, most of the remaining American Indians had left the area for Maine or Quebec.

ENVIRONMENT AND GEOGRAPHY

• Total area: 9,350 sq mi (ranked 46th)
• Land area: 8,953 sq mi (95.8% of total area)
• Water area: 397 sq mi (4.2% of total area)
• Shoreline: 131 miles
• National parks: 2
• Highest point: Mount Washington (6,288 feet)
• Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean (sea level)
• Highest temperature: 106° F (Nashua, July 4, 1911)
• Lowest temperature: –50° F (Mount Washington, January 22, 1885)

Topography: During the Ice Age, receding glaciers and ice sheets deposited large amounts of sand and rock in New Hampshire, creating a varied landscape filled with large lakes, rugged hills, and deep valleys. Today, the state may be divided into three distinct land regions. The White Mountains, part of the Appalachian system, dominate the northern half of New Hampshire. Of the eighty-six peaks in the various ranges, eight climb above one mile in height, and many others exceed several thousand feet. In the northern highlands, along the Vermont border, the state’s best farmland is found in the Connecticut River Valley. The southern part of New Hampshire is part of the Eastern New England Upland and is composed of hills, valleys, and many large lakes. Above the hills are the monadnocks, small mountains made up of hard, erosion-resistant rock. Finally, the state’s lowland region runs the length of the Atlantic coast and consists mostly of level plains, rolling hills, and sandy beaches. The three southernmost islands of the rocky Isles of Shoals, located off the coast, also belong to New Hampshire.

Major Lakes

• Lake Ossipee
• Lake Sunapee
• Lake Umbagog
• Lake Winnipesaukee
• Lake Winnisquam
• Newfound Lake
• Squam Lake

Major Rivers

• Androscoggin River
• Connecticut River
• Merrimack River
• Pemigewasset River
• Piscataqua River
• Saco River
• Salmon Falls River

State and National Parks: The state’s largest recreation and conservation area is the White Mountain National Forest, which occupies over 800,000 acres in northern New Hampshire and part of Maine. The National Park Service (NPS) manages Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site and the Appalachian Trail, which has some of its most rugged sections in New Hampshire. In addition, there are many state parks and state forests in New Hampshire. Bear Brook State Park, in Allentown, is the state’s largest developed recreation area, and Coleman State Park, in Stewartstown, boasts some of New Hampshire’s best trout fishing. Other parks, including Lake Francis State Park in Pittsburg and Mollidgewock State Park in Errol, offer facilities for camping, hiking, swimming, and boating.

Natural Resources: Despite its nickname, the Granite State has very little in the way of commercially viable mineral resources. Mining activity is minimal, and while granite is quarried, it is crushed into gravel rather than cut into blocks. In addition, large deposits of loose gravel and sand provide the construction industry with low-cost building material. The fertile soil of New Hampshire’s valleys, mostly clay and loam, is quite conducive to farming. The state’s abundant forests contain valuable softwood trees, including balsam fir, hemlock, spruce, white pine, cedar, and others. Commercially prized hardwoods, such as maple, oak, ash, and beech, are also present but have been depleted by centuries of timber harvesting.

Plants and Animals: In addition to the various types of coniferous and deciduous trees populating the forests, shrubs and other flowering plants thrive throughout New Hampshire. The state is home to blueberries, blackberries, wild grapes, elderberries, sumacs, and mountain laurel. Typical wildflowers include goldenrod, fireweed, violets, wild asters, and black-eyed Susans.

New Hampshire’s animal population has remained basically the same for several hundred years. Black bears, bobcats, and moose, which are protected by state law, are found in the forests in the north country. Other common animals include deer, foxes, rabbits, beavers, raccoons, chipmunks, and squirrels. Many different species of birds, including bluebirds, sparrows, and purple finches, nest in the state, in addition to a variety of game birds, including pheasants, ducks, geese, and grouse.

As one might expect considering the number of lakes and rivers, New Hampshire is home to a variety of freshwater game fish, including large- and small-mouth bass, salmon, perch, whitefish, and rainbow, brook, lake, and brown trout. Saltwater species such as cod, flounder, haddock, bluefish, striped bass, mackerel, cusk, and tuna may be found in coastal waters, along with shrimp, clams, oysters, and lobster.

New Hampshire lists the golden eagle, piping plover, shortnose sturgeon, American brook lamprey, Karner blue butterfly, dwarf wedge mussel, and Canada lynx among its threatened or endangered species.

Climate: New Hampshire’s climate varies greatly with elevation and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Winters are long and cold, with average temperatures ranging from around 16 to 22 degrees Fahrenheit. Over the years, the weather station at the Mount Washington Observatory has recorded some of the highest winds and coldest temperatures in the continental United States. Summers are generally cool and short, with low humidity, and average temperatures ranging from about 66 to 70 degrees, though higher temperatures are not uncommon.

Spring is perhaps the most unpredictable season in New Hampshire, with snow falling sometimes as late as April. Early autumn is known for impressive displays of changing leaves and near-freezing evening temperatures.

New Hampshire averages approximately forty-two inches of precipitation each year, and the average annual snowfall ranges from around fifty inches near the coast to more than one hundred inches in the state’s higher elevations, usually beginning in late October.

EDUCATION AND CULTURE

Major Colleges and Universities

• Colby-Sawyer College (Hanover)
• Dartmouth College (Hanover)
• Franklin Pierce College (Rindge)
• Keene State College (Keene)
• New England College (Henniker)
• Plymouth State University (Plymouth)
• Rivier University (Nashua)
• Saint Anselm College (Manchester)
• Southern New Hampshire University (Manchester)
• University of New Hampshire (Durham)

Major Museums

• Currier Museum of Art (Manchester)
• Children’s Museum of New Hampshire (Dover)
• Wright Museum of World War II (Wolfeboro)
• The Fort at No. 4 Living History Museum (Charlestown)
• Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College (Hanover)
• Museum of New Hampshire History (Concord)
• Seacoast Science Center (Rye)
• Strawbery Banke Museum (Portsmouth)

Major Libraries

• Manchester City Library (Manchester)
• New Hampshire State Library (Concord)
• New Hampshire Historical Society Library (Concord)
• University of New Hampshire Library (Durham)

Media

A handful of dailies and several other newspapers are published in New Hampshire. Prominent daily papers include the New Hampshire Union Leader, the Concord Monitor, the Portsmouth Herald, and the Keene Sentinel. The state's first newspaper, Portsmouth's New Hampshire Gazette, was first published in 1756. New Hampshire's first radio station began broadcasting in 1922, and its first television station was founded in 1954. By the 2020s, the state was home to about two dozen television stations and over 150 licensed radio stations.

ECONOMY AND INFRASTRUCTURE

• Gross domestic product (in millions $USD): 105,414.4 (ranked 39th; 2022 estimate)
• GDP percent change: 9.3%

Major Industries: Service industries, such as finance, insurance, real estate, and professional and business services, contribute more to the gross state product than any other industry in New Hampshire. The absence of sales and state income taxes attract many businesses as well as consumers to the state, promoting a robust economy in the service sectors. The state is also home to a small commercial fishing fleet. Manufacturing accounted for about 8.3 percent of the state's total GDP in 2022. The state's most valuable manufactured goods include computers and electronics, fabricated metal products, and machinery. Paper mills and printed materials traditionally contributed greatly to the economy in the northern part of the state, where softwood lumber is harvested and milled into paper pulp, though this industry has declined.

The military has traditionally made an important contribution to the New Hampshire economy. Pease Air Force Base was established in Portsmouth during the 1930s, and was leased by the US Navy during World War II. The base was closed in 1991, but the site is still used as an industrial park and tradeport. Sanders Associates of Nashua, a major military contractor since the early 1950s, became part of BAE Systems in 2000.

Tourism: New Hampshire's natural scenery and recreational resources attract tourism year-round. Tourists provide the bulk of support for the state's seasonal and service industries, and few states rely more on money spent by out-of-state visitors, many of whom are lured to New Hampshire by tax-free shopping. Popular vacation destinations include Lake Winnipesaukee, the largest of the state's lakes, the White Mountain National Forest, which covers 714,000 acres, and the 270 other lakes in the Lakes Region, located in the central part of the state.

Energy Production: Since New Hampshire lacks any fossil fuel resources, the state relied on hydroelectric plants for the bulk of its electricity until 1931, when energy production was largely switched to thermal coal-fired and steam-generating power plants, using coal and oil brought in from other states. In 1990, after nearly twenty years of debate and controversy, the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant was brought online, and it produced 56 percent of New Hampshire's electricity in 2021. By that time, 16 percent of the state's electricity was generated from renewable resources.

Agriculture: Dairy farming is New Hampshire's most important agricultural activity. It accounts for about one-third of the value of its agricultural sales. The leading field crop is hay, which is used primarily to feed cattle and other livestock. While New Hampshire imports most of the food it consumes, the state's major fruit and vegetable crops include apples and corn. The trend in commercial farming there has been toward more specialized seasonal production. The sale of ornamental shrubbery, flowers, vegetables, small fruits, maple syrup, honey, and Christmas trees at roadside stands has become increasingly important to New Hampshire farmers.

Airports: Manchester Airport is the state’s largest airport. Its passenger terminal is served by many major airlines and provides flights to New York, Boston, and other US cities. Portsmouth International Airport at Pease offers airplane maintenance facilities and services for commercial as well as private flights. Lebanon Municipal Airport also provides commercial service. In addition, there are nearly two dozen other smaller municipal and private airports throughout the state.

Seaports:Portsmouth Harbor is the state's major port. The port handles cargo from all types of vessels, including bulk and container carriers, passenger ships, barges, and others.

GOVERNMENT

• Governor: Chris Sununu (Republican)
• Present constitution date: June 2, 1784
• Electoral votes: 4
• Number of counties: 10
• Violent crime rate: 146.4 (per 100,000 residents; 2020 estimate)
• Death penalty: No (abolished in 2019)

Constitution: New Hampshire adopted a revolutionary constitution on January 5, 1776, the first of the original thirteen colonies to do so. The present constitution was adopted in 1784. Constitutional amendments must be proposed either by constitutional convention or by a three-fifths vote in each house of the legislature. In order for a proposed amendment to become a law, it must be approved by two-thirds of the electorate. New Hampshire was the first state to require that the constitution and all future amendments be approved by popular vote. In addition, New Hampshire’s towns are almost completely self-governed, with most official decisions being voted upon by the public at annual town meetings.

Branches of Government

Executive: The governor acts as the state’s chief executive and serves a two-year term. The office of lieutenant governor does not exist in New Hampshire. The executive council, or governor’s council, consists of five members, each of whom represents approximately one-fifth of the state’s population. Councilors are elected every two years, at the same time as the governor, and are responsible for overseeing the allocation of state funds, managing the state’s infrastructure, and approving the appointment of other members of the executive branch.

Legislative: Like its neighbor Massachusetts, New Hampshire refers to its bicameral state legislature as the general court. The state senate and house of representatives began meeting once each year in 1985, and the state’s house is among the nation’s largest, since most towns are allowed at least one part-time representative. The New Hampshire legislature consists of twenty-four senators and four hundred representatives, all of whom serve two-year terms. The legislature is responsible for the election of the secretary of state as well as the state treasurer.

Judicial: New Hampshire’s supreme court consists of one chief justice and four associate justices. The superior court, the next lowest in the chain, had twenty full-time judges as of 2021. There is one probate court, presided over by a probate judge, in each of the state’s ten counties, in addition to district and municipal courts. All state and local judges are appointed by the governor and approved by the executive council. A judge’s term lasts until they reach seventy years of age.

HISTORY

1603 English sailor Martin Pring is the first European known to have explored the coast of New Hampshire.

1605 French explorer Samuel de Champlain visits the New Hampshire coast.

1614 The English explorer and colonist Captain John Smith explores the New Hampshire coastal area and names the Smith Islands, later known as the Isles of Shoals.

1623 The first European settlements in New Hampshire are established at Little Harbor and Dover.

1629 King James’ Council for New England grants a large tract of American land to John Mason, an English merchant, who names it after his home county of Hampshire, England.

1641 Settlements in New Hampshire are placed under the jurisdiction of neighboring Massachusetts.

1679 New Hampshire becomes a separate royal colony after remaining part of Massachusetts for thirty-eight years.

1689–97 In the midst of American Indian attacks, New Hampshire colonists seek refuge in stockaded forts during King William’s War.

1754–63 During the French and Indian War, most of New Hampshire’s American Indian population is driven out to Quebec.

1756 The New Hampshire Gazette, the state’s first newspaper, begins publication in Portsmouth.

1769 Dartmouth College opens in Hanover after being founded as Moor’s Indian Charity School in Connecticut nearly twenty years earlier.

1774Paul Revere warns New Hampshire of approaching British forces; colonists raid Fort William and Mary in New Castle, taking weapons and one hundred barrels of gunpowder.

1776 New Hampshire is the first colony to declare itself independent of England, and New Hampshire delegates are the first to vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence on July 4.

1784 The state’s present constitution is adopted.

1785 The two-party political system in instituted in New Hampshire.

1788 New Hampshire enters the Union as the ninth state on June 21.

1800 The US Navy opens its first shipbuilding yard in Portsmouth.

1804 New Hampshire’s first cotton mill begins operation in New Ipswich.

1808 Concord becomes the capital of New Hampshire.

1828 Four hundred textile workers walk out of the Dover Cotton Factory on December 30 in the first women’s strike in the United States. They are forced to return to work when the mill owners do not hesitate to advertise for replacements.

1833 The country’s first free publicly funded library opens in Peterborough.

1838 The state’s first railroad begins service, connecting Nashua to Lowell, Massachusetts.

1846 Manchester is the first city in New Hampshire to be incorporated.

1853 Hillsborough native Franklin Pierce is elected as the fourteenth US president.

1861–65 During the Civil War, more than 38,000 New Hampshire men enlist in the Union Army, and the Fifth New Hampshire Regiment suffers more casualties over the course of the war than any other regiment.

1866 The University of New Hampshire is founded in Durham.

1871 School attendance becomes mandatory for New Hampshire children.

1877 An amendment to the state constitution requiring that all governors and state legislators be of the Protestant faith is abolished.

1905 After peace talks led by President Theodore Roosevelt, the treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War is signed on September 5 in Portsmouth.

1909 New Hampshire adopts the first direct primary law east of the Mississippi River, so that voters cast ballots for candidates rather than for electoral delegates.

1911 The White Mountain National Forest is established under the Weeks Act.

1915 Many of the Hampton Beach resort’s hotels and businesses are destroyed in a devastating fire.

1917–19 During World War I, New Hampshire contributes $80 million and 20,000 soldiers, as well as Portsmouth’s shipbuilding facilities, to the war effort.

1922 New Hampshire’s first radio station, WLNH, begins broadcasting from Laconia.

1930 Factories close and employment and wages begin to decline as the Great Depression takes hold in New Hampshire.

1936 Extensive spring flooding causes more than $7 million in damage to the state. Both the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) provide disaster relief.

1944 The International Monetary Conference is held by the United Nations at Bretton Woods.

1954 Pease Air Force Base in Newington becomes operational.

1961 On May 5, East Derry native Alan Shepard mans the Freedom 7 space capsule and becomes the first American to travel in space.

1962 Deposits of thorium, essential to the production of nuclear fuel, are discovered in the White Mountains.

1963 The country’s first legal, modern-day state lottery is instituted in New Hampshire.

1966 New Hampshire cities are granted home rule.

1973 Construction of the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant is approved amid demonstrations by antinuclear protestors. The plant in completed thirteen years later, at a cost of $5.2 billion.

1981 Approximately 80 percent of state workers call in sick, adding pressure to their demands for higher wages.

1986 Concord teacher Christa McAuliffe is killed when the space shuttle Challenger explodes on January 28.

1996 Democrat Jeanne Shaheen is the first woman to be elected governor of New Hampshire.

1999 New Hampshire is the last state to observe the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. as a holiday.

2003 The Old Man of the Mountain, a naturally formed stone sculpture on Cannon Mountain and the state symbol for more than fifty years, collapses in a severe storm on May 3.

Reverend V. Gene Robinson of Durham, New Hampshire, is installed as the first openly gay bishop in the Episcopal Church. Robinson’s promotion causes divisions within the church. Supporters praise Robinson’s appointment, while critics say his homosexuality contradicts the teachings of the Bible.

2007 The Old Man of the Mountain Legacy Fund announces design plans for an Old Man of the Mountain memorial.

2010 New Hampshire legalizes same-sex marriage.

2011 The first phase of the Old Man of the Mountain memorial is completed.

2013 New Hampshire becomes the first state to have all its US senators and representatives be female; in addition, the governor, state speaker of the house, and chief justice of the state supreme court at the time are also female.

2015 New Hampshire bans handheld cell phone use while driving.

2018 The final phase of the Old Man of the Mountain memorial is approved.

2019 New Hampshire allows drivers to choose a third gender, X, instead of male or female, on their driver's license.

2021 The approved state budget includes a prohibition of teaching "divisive concepts" in schools.

FAMOUS PEOPLE

Salmon P. Chase, 1808–73 (Cornish): Attorney, chief justice of the US Supreme Court.

Charles A. Dana, 1819–97 (Hinsdale): Newspaper publisher, editor.

Mary Baker Eddy, 1821–1910 (Bow): Founder of the Christian Science religion.

Horace Greeley, 1811–72 (Amherst): Journalist, founder of the New York Tribune newspaper.

Sarah Josepha Hale, 1788–1879 (Newport): Journalist, author of the poem “Mary Had a Little Lamb.”

John Irving, 1942– (Exeter): Author, The World According to Garp, The Cider House Rules.

John Langdon, 1741–1819 (Portsmouth): Patriot, politician.

Mandy Moore, 1984– (Nashua): Popular music performer.

Seth Meyers, 1973– (Bedford): Comedian.

Passaconaway, c. 1550–c. 1679: Pennacook chief.

Franklin Pierce, 1804–69 (Hillsborough): Fourteenth president of the United States.

Eleanor Porter, 1868–1920 (Littleton): Children's author, Pollyanna.

Kendall Reyes, 1989– (Nashua): Football player.

Alan Shepard, 1923–98 (East Derry): Astronaut, first American space traveler.

Sarah Silverman, 1970– (Bedford): Comedian.

John Stark, 1728–1822 (Londonderry): Patriot, author of the motto “Live Free or Die.”

Daniel Webster, 1782–1852 (Salisbury): Statesman, lawyer, orator.

Henry Wilson, 1812–75 (Farmington): Eighteenth vice president of the United States.

Joseph Worcester, 1784–1865 (Bedford): Lexicographer.

TRIVIA

• The first use of artificial rain to fight a forest fire occurred in Concord on October 29, 1947, when clouds were seeded with dry ice in order to trigger rain in an experiment known as Project Cirrus.
• The United States' first native potato was planted in 1719 in Londonderry Common Field.
• A supposed 4,000-year-old megalithic, or stone-constructed, site known as America's Stonehenge may be found on Mystery Hill in Salem.
• The New Hampshire legislature still meets in its original chambers in the state house in Concord, the oldest such state capitol in the country.
• One of the state's best known natural landmarks, the "Old Man of the Mountain," was a 40-foot series of granite ledges resembling the profile of a man, that once rested over 1,000 feet above Profile Lake in Franconia. Although the structure collapsed in 2003, the image still appears on official state signs and documents.
• In 2019 New Hampshire was ranked as the third safest state in the country, after Maine and Vermont.

Bibliography

"Economic Profile for New Hampshire." BEARFacts, Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Dept. of Commerce, 31 Mar. 2023, apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/. Accessed 8 Sept. 2023.

Heald, Bruce D. New Hampshire and the Civil War: Voices from the Granite State. History P, 2012.

Heald, Bruce D. White Mountain National Forest and Great North Woods. Arcadia, 2011.

Imbrie, Katherine, et al. New Hampshire: An Explorer’s Guide. 7th ed., Countryman P, 2010.

"New Hampshire." Quick Facts, US Census Bureau, 1 July 2022, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NH/PST045221. Accessed 8 Sept. 2023.

"New Hampshire: 2020 Census." US Census Bureau, 25 Aug. 2021, www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/new-hampshire-population-change-between-census-decade.html. Accessed 8 Oct. 2021.

"New Hampshire State Profile and Energy Estimates: Profile Overview." US Energy Information Administration, 15 Sept. 2022, www.eia.gov/state/?sid=NH. Accessed 8 Sept. 2023.

Speel, Robert W. Changing Patterns of Voting in the Northern United States: Electoral Realighnment, 1952–1996. Pennsylvania State UP, 2010.

"Unemployment Rates for States, 2021 Annual Averages." Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept. of Labor, 1 Mar. 2023, www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk21.htm. Accessed 8 Sept. 2023.

James Ryan