Titus
Titus, a Roman emperor from 79 to 81 CE, was born into an equestrian family and played a significant military role during the First Jewish Revolt, serving under his father, Vespasian. He is primarily known for his conquest of Jerusalem, a pivotal moment in Jewish-Roman history, commemorated by the Arch of Titus in Rome, which depicts the spoils of the Temple, including the Menorah. His reign, although brief, coincided with several catastrophic events, including the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, which devastated the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and a major fire in Rome in 80 CE. Additionally, the Flavian Amphitheater, later known as the Colosseum, was completed during his rule. Despite rumors of his involvement in his father's death, historians largely dismiss claims of foul play. Titus's legacy is characterized more by the events surrounding his rule rather than his direct accomplishments, as he was often seen as a figure who witnessed rather than shaped significant historical moments. His untimely death in 81 CE has led to various theories regarding the circumstances, including suggestions of murder by his brother Domitian.
On this Page
Titus
Related civilization: Imperial Rome
Major role/position: Statesman, military leader
Life
Born into an equestrian rather than a patrician family, Titus (TIT-uhs) commanded a legion in 67 c.e. under his father, Vespasian, during the First Jewish Revolt. Playing a conspicuous role in the events that brought Vespasian to the imperial throne in 69 c.e., Titus completed the conquest of Jerusalem, a feat commemorated by the arch of Titus, which still stands in Rome. He also developed a controversial attachment to Berenice, sister of King Agrippa of Judaea. Recognized by Vespasian as his heir, Titus conscientiously and ruthlessly served his father. There were rumors that he murdered Vespasian, but historians have rejected those allegations.
Titus’s reign was brief and notable for events for which he bore little or no direct responsibility. In 79 c.e., Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneum. In 80 c.e., Rome was wracked by fire, followed by an outbreak of plague. It was during his reign that the Flavian Amphitheater, begun by his father and later known as the Colosseum, was completed. Titus died in 81 c.e. while at a spa; some said that the waters were too cold, others that he had been murdered by his brother and future emperor, Domitian.
Influence
Unlike his father, who had ended the civil wars following Nero’s death, Titus was notable for having witnessed events such as the completion of the Colosseum and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius rather than for his personal accomplishments.
Bibliography
Grant, Michael. The Roman Emperors. New York: Scribner’s, 1985.
Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Translated by Robert Graves. London: Viking Press, 2000.